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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the components of protoplasm?
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• Water (70 - 85%)
• Protein (10 - 20%) • Lipids (2 - 3%) • Carbohydrates • Electrolytes |
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How is chromatin organized?
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DNA Molecule > Histones > Nucleosomes > Chromatin > Chromosomes
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What is Heterochromatin?
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• less active, condense chromosome in a non-dividing cell
• stains more intensly |
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What is Euchromatin?
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• transcriptionally more active
• stain is less intense |
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What are some characteristics of cells that are actively synthesizing proteins?
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Euchromatic nuclei and prominent nucleolus
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What is the structure and function of the nucleolus?
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- site of RNA transcription
- structures composed of regions from 5 different chromosomes |
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What are the 4 functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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- lipid synthesis
- regulation of intracellular calcium - metabolism - detoxification of certain drugs and hormones |
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What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?
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modification and packaging of substances for secretion or transport
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Give an example of the Golgi Complex breaking up a large protein into a smaller active form
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The Golgi Complex in the beta cells of the pancreas cuts apart Pro-insulin (the inactive form of insulin) into its smaller, active form
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What is a secondary lysosome?
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lysosomes with active enzymes and that have begun the chemical degradation process
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Describe the process of heterophagocytosis
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- uptake of material from outside the cell
- phagosome (an infolding of the cell membrane that contains external material) joins with a primary lysosome to become a secondary lysosome |
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What is autophagocytosis?
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the removal of damaged cellular organelles for the cell to continue normal function
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Describe Tay-Sachs Disease
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- a lysosomal storage disease
- an autosomal recessive disorder - hexosaminidazse A (a lysosomal enzyme used to breakdown GM2 ganglioside) is deficient -GM2 ganglioside accumulates in the heart, liver, spleen and causes the most damage in the nervous system and retina |
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What are the 3 functions of perioxisomes?
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- degrade peroxides (ex. hydrogen peroxide)
- control free radicals - breakdown long-chained fatty acids |
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What is the most common disorder of perioxisomes?
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Adrenoleukodystrophy, a build-up of long-chain fatty acids in the nervous system and adrenal gland, can cause dementia and adrenal insufficiency
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What are 3 functions of microtubules?
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- development and maintenance of cell form
- intracellular transport and cell movement - formation of the basic structure for complex organelles (centrioles, basal bodies, cila, flagella) |
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What are centrioles?
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they form the mitotic spindle that aids in the separation and movement of the chromosomes during cell division
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What is hematocrit on a CBC?
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The percentage of red blood cells in a volume of blood. For example, a hematocrit of 38 means that 38% of the blood's volume is composed of red cells.
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Glucose is transported into the cells by this process
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facilitated diffusion
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Why are diabetics predisposed to infection?
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microtubule dysfunction can alter leukocyte mobility and migration, interfering with the inflammatory response
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What are two effects of immobile cilia syndrome?
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- male sterility by impairing sperm motility
- Bronchiectasis, by immobilizing the cilia of the respiratory tract, and interfering with clearance of inhaled bacteria |
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What are the functions of microfilaments?
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- muscle contraction (via thick and thin filaments)
- movement of cell during endocytosis & exocytosis - support & maintain asymmetrical shape |
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3 types of proteins found in the plasma membrane
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- transmembrane
- integral - peripheral |
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What is the glycocalyx?
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the cell coat that contains tisuue antigens (in RBCs the ABO antigens); participates in cell-to-cell recognition and adhesion
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Name some lipid-soluble molecules that can cross directly through the cell membrane
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CO2, O2, alcohol, fatty acids, steroid hormones
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What are cytokines?
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hormone-like growth factors that control the proliferation and differentiation and functional abilities of various blood blood cells
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What is the cause of cystic fibrosis?
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an abnormal chloride channel that causes increased reabsorption of sodium & water, which causes respiratory tract secretions to thicken and occlude the airways
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What are the 4 ways to transmit information between cells?
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• Autocrine signaling - a cell releasing a chemical into the extracellular fluid that
affects its own activity • Paracrine signaling - targets nearby cells • Endocrine signaling - hormones carried in the blood to cells throughout the body • Synaptic signaling - neurotransmitters acting on adjacent neurons |
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What is down-regulation?
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A decrease in cell surface receptors caused by excessive chemical messengers
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What is up-regulation?
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An increase in cell receptors, caused by a decrease in chemical messengers
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What is signal transduction?
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When a chemical messenger exerts their effects by binding to cell membrane proteins or receptors that convert the chemical signal into signals within the cell
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What is the most common secondary messenger?
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Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)
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Which toxin binds and activates the stimulatory G protein that controls the secretion of fluid into the intestine?
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• Vibrio Cholerae causes sever diarrhea and life-threatening depletion of extracellular fluid volume
• produces "rice-water" stools |
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What types of cells are involved in ion-channel-linked receptors?
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Nerve and muscle cells (electrially excitable cells)
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What is catabolism?
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Breakdown of stored nutrients and body tissues to produce energy
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What is anabolism?
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Formation of complex structures from simpler ones
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What is the site of anaerobic respiration?
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the cytoplasm
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The net yield of ATP in glycolysis is:
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Two molecules of ATP
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What is gluconeogenesis and what organ performs it?
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Gluconeogenesis is the removal of lactic acid from the bloodstream by converting it into glucose. This is done by the liver.
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What are the 3 types of passive transport?
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Diffusion, Osmosis, and Facilitated Diffusion
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What are the two types of active transport?
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Primary and secondary active transport
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What are the 2 types of endocytosis and their definitions?
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Pinocytosis - ingestion of small solid or fluid particles
Phagocytosis - engulfment and degradation of mocroorganisms and other particulate matter |
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Name 2 cells that perform phagocytosis
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Macrophages and neutrophils
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What are the four categories of tissue?
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1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue 3. Muscle Tissue 4. Nerve Tissue |
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Epithelium orginates from which muscle layer?
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All three layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
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True or False: Epithelial cells receive oxygen via blood vessels
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False, epithelial tissue is avascular
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Name the 3 shapes of epithelial tissue
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- squamous (thin and flat)
- cuboidal (cube shaped) - columnar (resembling a column) |
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What are the 3 classifications by layer of epithelial cells?
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Simple, stratified, and pseudostratified
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Where would you find simple squamous epithelium?
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Lining of blood vessls, body cavities, lymph nodes, & alveoli of lungs
* Simple squamous epithelium is adapted for filtration |
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Where would you find cuboidal squamous epithelium?
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• The surface of the ovary and the thyroid
• collecting tubules of kidneys |
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Where would you find simple columnar epithelium?
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Lining of the intestine and gallbladder
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Goblet cells are composed of what type of tissue? Where are Goblet cells located?
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Goblet cells are simple columnar epithelium.
They are specialized mucus-secreting cells with cilia that line the respiratory tract. |
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What is the name of the extracellular matrix that lies beneath all epithelial tissue?
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Basement membrane or basal lamina
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Where is stratified squamous keratinized epithelium found?
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Skin
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Where is stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium found?
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Linings of mouth, anus, vagina, tongue, & esophagus
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Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium located?
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Ducts of sweat glands
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What are the 3 types of exocrine glands?
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• Holocrine
• merocrine (or eccrine) • apocrine glands |
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Where would you find dense regular connective tissue?
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Tendons and aponeuroses
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What is the function of Gap Junctions?
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Gap Junctions (or nexus junctions) involve the close adherance of adjoining cell membranes with channels that link the two cells.
Important in cell-to-cell conduction of electrical signals (i.e. cardiac muscle and smooth muscle) |
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Where is areolar tissue located?
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• subcutaneous areas
• fills spaces between myelin shealths & forms a layer that encases blood and lymphatic vessels |
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Where would you find dense irregular connective tissue?
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• dermis of the skin
• fibrous capsules surrounding organs • perichondrium • periosteum |
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Where would you find reticular tissue?
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Framework of lymphoid organs, bone marrow, & liver
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What are the 3 types of specialized connective tissue?
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Bone, cartilage, and hematopoietic (blood & bone marrow)
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Which neurons carry information towards the CNS?
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Sensory neurons (afferent)
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Which neurons carry information away from the CNS?
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Motor (or efferent) neurons
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Which cells provide myelination of the neurons in the CNS and PNS, respectively?
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Oligodendrocytes in the CNS; Schwann cells in the PNS
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Name and describe the 4 types of glial cells in the CNS
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- Astrocytes are the most abundant & provide structural support and surround blood vessels
- Oligodendrocytes provide myelination - Microglial cells are phagocytic cells - Ependymal cells line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord & are in contact with CSF |
