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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
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• Innate is non-specific, using bacterial barriers and phagocytes (macrophages & neutrophils)
• Adaptive immunity responds to focused recognition and responses specific to the foreign substance, using lymphocytes |
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Name and describe the 2 types of adaptive immunity
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• Humoral Immunity: mediated by molecules in the blood and defends against extracellular microbes and toxins
• Cell-mediated immunity: mediated by T lymphocytes and defends against intracellular microbes such as viruses |
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What is hapten and how does in function as an antigen?
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a hapten is a low-molecular-weight compound that can function as an antigen when combined with a larger protein molecule ex. penicillin
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Name the 2 types of T lymphocytes
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• CD4-helper T cells which enhance the response of other T cells
• CD8+ cytotoxic T cells which destroy cellular antigens such as tumor cells and virus-infecte d cells |
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What is the function of the Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecule (MHC)?
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distinguishing self for non-self molecules
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What are the two types of MHC molecules?
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Class I and Class II
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What are the differences in Class 1 MHC and Class 2 MHC?
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• Class 1 MHCs are on virtually alll nucleated cells and present the processed antigen to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells
• Class 2 MHCs are found primarily on antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, & B lymphocytes and communicate with CD4 molecule on helper T lymphocytes |
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What are some of the functions of macrophages?
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• when activated, they engulf and digest antigens
• can amplify inflammatory response and initiate adaptive immunity |
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How does a B cell becomes stimulated to produce antibodies?
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• B cell encounters an antigen that is complementary to its receptor
• functions as an APC by breaking down the antigen and binding it to an MHC II molecule • the antigen peptide-class II MHC complex is recognized by helper T cells which stimulate cytokines • cytokines trigger the multiplication and maturation of antigen-activated B cells to become plasma cells which produce antibodies |
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What are the 5 classes of immunoglobins (antibodies)?
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IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
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What are some characteristics of IgG?
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• most abundant of the circulating immunoglobins
• only immunoglobin that can cross the placenta • present in body fluids and readily enters tissues • protects against bacteria, toxins, viruses in body fluids • activates the complement system |
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What are some characteristics of IgA immunoglobins?
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• found in body secretions (saliva, nasal & respiratory secretions, breast milk, tears)
• primary defense against local infections in mucosal tissues • prevents attachment of viruses and bacteria in epithelial cells |
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What are some characteristics of IgM?
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• 10% of total immunoglobins
• the first immunoglobin to appear in response to an antigen • first antibody made in a newborn • cannot cross the placenta |
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What are some characteristics of IgD?
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• 0.2% of total
• found on the cell membrane of B cells • needed for maturation of B cells; initiates differentiation of B cells |
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What are some characteristics of IgE?
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• 0.004% of total
• involved in inflammation, allergic responses, and combating parastic infections • binds to mast cells and basophils which trigger these cells to release histamine |
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What is the functions of T lymphocytes?
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• activation of other T cells and B cells
• control of intracellular viral infections • rejection of foreign tissue grafts • delayed hypersensitivity reactions |
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What are the subpopulations of helper T cells?
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Th1 or Th2
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What are some characteristics of Th1?
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• stimulated for differentiation by microbes
• secretes IFN-gamma • enhances inflammation and cell-mediated immunity • activates macrophages |
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What are some characteristics of Th2?
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• stimulated for differentiation by allergens or parastic worms
• secretes IL-4 & IL-5 • enhances B cells and antibody response • promotes secretion of IgE |
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What are some characteristics of natural killer cells?
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• effector cell that can kill tumor cells, virus-infected cells, or intracellular microbes
• do not need to recognize a specific antigen before being activated • immune surveillance for cancerous or virus-infected cells |
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What are example of central lymphoid organs?
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bone marrow and thymus
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Give example of peripheral lymphoid organs
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lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, appendix, Peyer's patches in the intestine, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue in the respiratory, GI, and reproductive systems
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What is the 2 functions of lymph nodes?
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• removal of foreign material from lymph before it enters the bloodstream
• serves as centers for proliferation and response of immune cells |
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What are some characteristics of cytokines?
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• regulatory proteins that are produced during all phases of an immune response
• modulate reactions of the host to foreign antigens by regulating the movement, proliferation, and differentiation of leukocytes and other cells |
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Which cytokines are the major mediators of the early inflammatory response?
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IL-1, IL-6, TNF
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What are some key cytokines in innate immunity and inflammation?
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IL-1, IL-6, TNF, IFNs, & IL-12
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What are some key cytokines in adaptive immunity?
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IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IFN-gamma
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What is active immunity?
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immunity that is aquired by immunization or having the disease
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What is passive immunity?
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• immunity transferred from another source
• ex. mother transferring immunity of an infant via breast milk |
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What are the two types of responses that occur in humoral immunity?
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primary and secondary immune response
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Give some characteristics of the primary immune response
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• occurs when the antigen is first introduced in the body
• there is a latent period before the antibody can be detected in the serum • during latent period, the antigen is being processed by APCs and recognized by helper T cells > T cells recognized the antigen peptide-class II MHC complex and release cytokines > cytokines stimulate B cells to produce antibodies |
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Describe the secondary immune response
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memory cells recognize the antigen and respon more efficiently to produce a specific antibody
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What is the complement system?
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• a primary effector system for innate and adaptive immunity
• when activated, results in enhanced inflammatory responses, lysis of foreign cells, and increased phagocytosis • deposits complement protein fragments on the pathogen surface, proudcing tags for better recogntion by the receptors on phagocytic cells |
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What are the 5 effects of the complement system?
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• mediate cell lysis
• opsonization - the coating of antigen-antibody complexes with complement proteins so that antigens are engulfed and cleared more efficiently by macrophages • chemotaxis - chemical attraction of neutrophils and phagocytic cells to the antigen • anaphylaxsis - activation of mast cells or basophils to replease histamine, which produces contraction of smooth muscle, increased vascular permeability, and edema |
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Define tolerance (in terms of immunity)
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• the ability of the immune system to be nonreactive to self antigens while producing immunity to foreign antigens
• protects an individual from harmful autoimmune reactions |
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