Patho Ch.4

Front 1

3 types of RNA

Back 1

ribosomal RNA
transfer RNA
messenger RNA

Front 2

heterochromatin
vs
euchromatin

Back 2

heterochromatin -inactive form of chromatin. stains more intensely

active form of chromatin

Front 3

rough ER produces...

Back 3

proteins for components of lysosomes and other organelles

Front 4

smooth ER is continuous w/ rough ER and produces...

Back 4

lipid molecules, reg. of intracellular calcium, metabolism and detox of certain drugs and hormones. Site of lipid, pipoprotein, and steroid hormone synth.

Front 5

proteasomes

Back 5

small organelles composed of protein complexes, found in nucleus and outside nucleus. Disposes of (tagged) malformed proteins

Front 6

3 types of RNA

Back 6

ribosomal RNA
transfer RNA
messenger RNA

Front 7

heterochromatin
vs
euchromatin

Back 7

heterochromatin -inactive form of chromatin. stains more intensely

active form of chromatin

Front 8

rough ER produces...

Back 8

proteins for components of lysosomes and other organelles

Front 9

smooth ER is continuous w/ rough ER and produces...

Back 9

lipid molecules, reg. of intracellular calcium, metabolism and detox of certain drugs and hormones. Site of lipid, pipoprotein, and steroid hormone synth.

Front 10

proteasomes

Back 10

small organelles composed of protein complexes, found in nucleus and outside nucleus. Disposes of (tagged) malformed proteins

Front 11

3 types of RNA

Back 11

ribosomal RNA
transfer RNA
messenger RNA

Front 12

heterochromatin
vs
euchromatin

Back 12

heterochromatin -inactive form of chromatin. stains more intensely

active form of chromatin

Front 13

rough ER produces...

Back 13

proteins for components of lysosomes and other organelles

Front 14

smooth ER is continuous w/ rough ER and produces...

Back 14

lipid molecules, reg. of intracellular calcium, metabolism and detox of certain drugs and hormones. Site of lipid, pipoprotein, and steroid hormone synth.

Front 15

proteasomes

Back 15

small organelles composed of protein complexes, found in nucleus and outside nucleus. Disposes of (tagged) malformed proteins

Front 16

microfiliments

Back 16

associated with the inner surface of the cell and aid in cell motility

Front 17

microtubules

Back 17

for the cytoskeleton and maintain the position of the organelles

Front 18

centrioles

Back 18

small, cylindrical structures composed of microtubules.
during mitosis, centrioles form the mitotic spindle that aids in the separation and movement of the chromosomes

Front 19

the 4 major types of tissue

Back 19

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

Front 20

5 basic types of epithelium

Back 20

1.simple epithelium (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)
2.stratified epithelium
3. Glandular (endocrine, exocrine)
4. Neuroepithelium
5. Reproductive Epithelium

Front 21

3 types of simple epithelium and locations

Back 21

simple squamous epithelium - location: lining of blood vessels, body cavities, alveoli of lungs

simple cuboidal epithelium - location: collecting tubules of kidneys, covering of ovaries

simple columnar epithelium - location: lining of intestine and gallbladder

Front 22

6 types of stratified epithelium and locations

Back 22

1. stratified squamous keratinized epithelium - location: skin

2. stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium - location: mucous membranes of the mouth, esophagus, and vagina

3. stratified cuboidal epithelium - location: ducts of sweat glands

4. stratified columnar epithelium - location: large ducts of salivary and mammary glands; conjunctiva

5. stratified transitional epithelium - location: bladder, ureters, renal pelvis

6. (Stratified) Pseudostratified epithelium - location: tracheal and respiratory passages

Front 23

2 types of glandular epithelium and example locations

Back 23

endocrine glandular epithelium - location: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland (+others)

exocrine glandular epithelium - location: sweat glands and glands in GI tract.

Front 24

locations of neuroepithelium

Back 24

olfactory mucosa, retina, tongue

Front 25

locations of reproductive epithelium

Back 25

seminiferous tubules, cortical portion of ovary

Front 26

2 types of embryonic connective tissue

Back 26

mesenchymal connective tissue (location: embryonic mesoderm)

mucous (location: umbilical cord - wharton jelly)

Front 27

5 general types of adult connective tissue w/ locations

Back 27

1.loose or areolar connective tissue (subcutaneous areas)
2.dense regular connective tissue (tendons and ligaments)
3.dense irregular connective tissue (dermis of skin)
4. adipose connective tissue (fat pads, subcutaneous layers)
5. reticular connective tissue (framework of lymphoid organs, bone marrow, liver)

Front 28

3 types of specialized adult connective tissue

Back 28

bone
cartilage
hematopoietic (blood cells, myeloid tissue - bone marrow)

Front 29

the 3 types of muscle tissue

Back 29

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

Front 30

2 types of neural tissue

Back 30

neurons (CNS and PNS neurons, nerve fibers)

supporting cells (glial and ependymal cells in CNS, schwann and satellite cells in PNS)

Front 31

epithelial tissue is....

Back 31

avscular

Front 32

2 main classes of extracellular macomolecules that make up the extracellular matrix

Back 32

1. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) - polysaccharide chains that are usually found linked to proteins as proteoglycans.

2. fibrous proteins (i.e., collagen and elastin) and fibrous adhesive proteins (i.e., fibronectin, laminin)

GAGs and proteoglycans forms a highly hydrated tissue gel in which the fibrous proteins are embedded.

Front 33

4 main classes of cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs)

Back 33

1. cadherins
2. selectins
3. integrins
4. immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily of proteins

Front 34

cadherins - function

Back 34

link parts of the internal cytoskeleton with extracellular cadherins of of an adjacent cell.

Front 35

selectins -function

Back 35

bind carbohydrates present on the ligand of an adjacent cell in a heterophilic type of interaction.

found on activated endothelial cells of blood vessels, on leukocytes, and on platelets. Participate in leukocyte movement through the endothelial lining of blood vessels during inflammation.

Front 36

integrins - function

Back 36

assist in attaching epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane.

extracellular: attach to fibronectin and laminin (parts of basement membrane)

intracellular: linked to actin.

Front 37

Ig superfamily proteins - function

Back 37

Ig-like adhension proteins. e.g., NCAMs

involved in homing process of leukocytes during inflammation.

structurally similar to antibodies

Front 38

atrophy

Back 38

decrease in cell size (usually due to decreased work demands or adverse environment)

Front 39

ischemia

Back 39

A temporary deficiency of blood flow to an organ or tissue.
The deficiency may be caused by diminished blood flow either through a regional artery or throughout the circulation.

Front 40

5 general causes for atrophy

Back 40

1. disuse
2. denervation
3. loss of endocrine stimulation
4. inadequate nutrition
5. ischemia

Front 41

compensatory hypertrophy

Back 41

the enlargement of a remaining organ or tissue after a portion has been surgically removed or rendered inactive.

Front 42

2 common types of physiologic hyperplasia

Back 42

hormonal hyperplasia - e.g. breast enlargement during pregnancy due to estrogen

compensatory hyperplasia -

Front 43

describe metaplasia

Back 43

a reversible change in which one adult cell type (epithelial or mesenchymal) is replaced by another adult cell type.

metaplasia is thought to involve the reprogramming of undifferentiated stem cells that are present in the tissue undergoing the metaplastic changes.

usually occurs in response to chronic irritation and inflammation.

Hint 43

conversion of cell type never oversteps the boundary of primary tissue type (e.g., an epithelial cell will never be a connective tissue cell.)

Front 44

dysplasia

Back 44

dysplasia is characterized by deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization.

minor degrees of dysplasia are associated with areas of chronic inflammation or irritation.

Freq. in areas of metaplastic squamous eipthelium of respiratory tract and uterine cervix.

dysplasia is strongly indicated as a precursor for cancer.

in many cases, these cells revert to prior structure and function.

Front 45

3 types of intracellular accumulation

Back 45

1. normal body substances
2. abnormal endogenous products
3. exogenous products (e.g., env. agents and pigments.

may be harmless or may be toxic. may be transient or permanent.

Front 46

another name for jaundice

Back 46

icterus.

yellow discoloration of tissue due to bilirubin retention.

Front 47

lipofuscin

Back 47

a yellow-brown pigment that results from the accumulation of the indigestible residues produced during normal turnover of cell structures.

"wear-and-tear pigment" - more common in heart, nerve, and liver cells.

Front 48

2 types of pathologic calcifications and descriptions

Back 48

dystrophic calcification - macroscopic deposition of calcium salts in injured tissue.
(areas of injury in blood vessels, damaged heart valves.)

metastatic calcification - occurs in normal tissue as a result of increased serum calcium levels (hypercalcemia).
(e.g., in lung, renal tubules, blood vessels)

Front 49

causes of metastatic calcification?

Back 49

hyperparathyroidism, phosophate retention in renal failure, mobilization of calcium from bone as in paget disease, cancer with metastatic bone lesions, vitamin D intoxication.

Front 50

5 causes of cell injury

Back 50

1. injury from physical agents
2. radiation injury
3. chemical injury
4. injury from biologic agents
5. injury from nutritional imbalances.

Front 51

necrosis

Back 51

cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living organism.

differs from apoptosis in that it's unregulated and releases products of cell death into extracellular space. it also interferes with cell replacement.

Front 52

different types of necrosis

Back 52

liquification necrosis - occurs when some of the cells die but their catalytic enzymes are not destroyed.

coagulation necrosis - acidosis develops and denatures the enzymatic and structural proteins of the cell. Characteristic of hypoxic injury and seen in infarcted areas.

caseous necrosis - a special subtype of coagulation necrosis in which the deal cells persist indefinitely as a soft, cheeselike debris.

Front 53

infarction

Back 53

tissue death. Occurs when an artery supplying an organ or part of the body becomes occluded and no other source of blood supply exists.

Front 54

gangrene

Back 54

used when a considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis. can be "dry" or "moist".

dry gangrene - part becomes dry and shrinks. slow to spread. line of inflammatory reaction present.

moist gangrene - area is cold, swollen and pulseless. skin is moist, black, and under tension. spread is rapid. systemic symptoms severe, and death is possible if not stopped.

gas gangrene - infection of devitalized tissues by clostridium perfringens. prone to occur in trauma and compound fractures with dirt and debris embedded. toxins dissolve cell membranes. bubbles of H2S gas form in muscle.

Front 55

theories of cell aging

Back 55

evolutionary theories
molecular theories
cellular theories of senescence

Front 56

two types of organ tissue

Back 56

parenchymal tissue - functional components of an organ

stromal or supportive tissue - includes extracellular matrix and connective tissue that surrounds the parenchmal cell

Front 57

definition of tumor

Back 57

traditionally, a swelling that can be caused by a number of conditions, including inflammation and trauma.

more recently, a mass of cells that arises because of overgrowth.

Front 58

benign neoplasm

Back 58

contain well-differentiated cells that are clustered together in a single mass.

Front 59

malignant neoplasms

Back 59

less well differentiated and have the ability to break loose, enter the circulatory or lymphatic system, and form secondary malignant tumors at other sites.

Front 60

adenoma

Back 60

benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue.

Front 61

two types of organ tissue

Back 61

parenchymal tissue - functional components of an organ

stromal or supportive tissue - includes extracellular matrix and connective tissue that surrounds the parenchmal cell

Front 62

definition of tumor

Back 62

traditionally, a swelling that can be caused by a number of conditions, including inflammation and trauma.

more recently, a mass of cells that arises because of overgrowth.

Front 63

benign neoplasm

Back 63

contain well-differentiated cells that are clustered together in a single mass.

Front 64

malignant neoplasms

Back 64

less well differentiated and have the ability to break loose, enter the circulatory or lymphatic system, and form secondary malignant tumors at other sites.

Front 65

adenoma

Back 65

benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue.

Front 66

carcinoma

Back 66

a malignant tumor of epithelial tissue origin.

Front 67

osteoma

Back 67

benign tumor of bone tissue.

Front 68

adenocarcinoma

Back 68

malignant tumor of glandular tissue.

Front 69

papillomas

Back 69

benign, microscopic finger-like projections that grow on any surface.

Front 70

polyp

Back 70

a growth that projects from a mucosal surface, such as intestine.

Front 71

adenomatous polyps of the colon are considered...

Back 71

precursors of adenocarcinomas of the colon.

Front 72

5 distinguishing features of benign and malignant neoplasms

Back 72

1. cell characteristics
2. rate of growth
3. manner of growth
4. capacity to invade and metastasize to other parts of the body
5. potential for causing death

Front 73

fibrous capsule

Back 73

the rim of connective tissue surrounding benign tumors.

Front 74

VEGF

Back 74

vascular endothelial cell growth factor.
secreted by some malignancies. increases blood supply to tumor and facilitates more rapid growth.

Front 75

two categories of malignant neoplasms

Back 75

solid tumors

hematologic cancers

Front 76

carcinoma in situ

Back 76

a localized preinvasive lesion.

Front 77

anaplasia

Back 77

describes the loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue.

Front 78

cytologic/histologic grading of tumors is based on...

Back 78

the degree of differentiation and the number of proliferating cells.

the more they resemble the surrounding tissue cell = lower grade.
Grades I - IV.

Front 79

specific features that distinguish cancer cells from normally differentiated cells

Back 79

1. genetic instability
2. growth factor independence
3. loss of cell density - dependent inhibition
4. loss of cohesiveness and adhesion
5. loss of anchorage dependence
6. faulty cell-to-cell communication
7. indefinite cell life span (immortality)
8. expression of altered tissue antigens
9. abnormal secretion of degradative enzymes that enable invasion and metastatic spread, or ectopic production of hormones
10. abnormal cytoskeletal characteristics

Front 80

growth fraction

Back 80

the ratio of dividing cells to resting cells

Front 81

doubling time

Back 81

the length of time it takes for the total mass of cells in a tumor to double.