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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what's the difference between hypoxia and ischemia?
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ischemia interferes with delivery of oxygen, glucose and the removal of metabolic waste, whereas hypoxia only deals with oxygen
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what is the principal excitatory NTS in the brain?
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glutamate
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There are 2 types of neurons in the CNS: macroneurons and microneurons, which ones are most numerous?
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Microneurons, they provide the analytic, integrative, and learning circuitry
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which NTS is assoc. with causing brain damage?
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Glutamate
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What is vasogenic edema?
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blood-brain barrier allows transfer of water and protein from the vascular into the interstitial space
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What is cytotoxic edema?
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swelling of brain cells due to osmotic conditions; result in stupor and coma
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what are 2 causes of hydrocephalus?
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decreased absorption of CSF
overproduction of CSF They lead to increase in CSF volume in the ventricles |
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what are the 2 types of hydrocephalus?
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Noncommunicating (obstructive) - obstruction in the ventricular system prevents the CSF from reaching the arachnoid villi
Communicating - impaired reabsorption of CSF from the arachnoid villi |
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what are S/Sx of >ICP
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headache
vomiting papilledema lateral rectus palsy(from pres.on CNs) |
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what are the 3 groups of skull fractures?
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simple
depressed basilar |
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what do you expect to find in a basilar skull fracture?
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A shattered cribriform plate
Possible CSF leak from nose and ears |
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MCC of secondary brain injury?
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Ischemia
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Define concussion
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a momentary interuption of brain function with or without loss of consciousness
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which artery is most often torn in an epidural hematoma?
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middle meningeal artery; usually in assoc. with a skull fracture
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Describe the different classes of subdural hematomas
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Acute- Sx within 24 hrs
Subacute- Sx 2-10 days after Chronic- Sx several wks after injury |
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Impaired consciousness, decorticate posturing, cheyne-stokes resp. are assoc. with this type of brain injury
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Diencephalon
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Coma, decerebrate posturing, hyperventilation are assoc. with injury to this part of the brain
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Midbrain
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Coma, fixed, irregular pupils; loss of corneal reflex are assoc. with injury to this part of the brain
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Pons
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coma, flaccidity, loss of gag and cough reflex are assoc. with injury to this part of the brain
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Medulla
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how does someone in a stupor state present?
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not unconscious but exhibits little or no spontaneous activity
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T/F Cocaine can cause both,ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke
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True
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a stroke in this artery is the MC aphasia-producing stroke
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middle cerebral artery
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this disease involves swelling of the spinal cord, which disrupts central nervous system functions linking the brain and limbs
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Myelitis
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Name the organisms most commonly involved in bacterial meningitis
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Strep pneumoniae(pneumococcus)
H. influenzae Neisseria meningitidis In neonates (MC is GBHS) |
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What does meningococcal meningitis cause?
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a petechial rash with palpable purpura
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what would lab results show with bacterial meningitis
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>WBCs PMNs ~ 70-90k
>protein <glucose |
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what is the Tx of bacterial meningitis?
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antibiotics and corticosteroids
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what are the lab results for viral meningitis?
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Lymphocytes in CSF
Protein only moderately elevated Glucose is normal |
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what are some viruses that cause of encephalitis?
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Herpes simplex virus
HIV Arbovirus(mosquito bite) Rabies virus animal bite) Poliovirus(ingestion) |
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this brain tumor is most common in immunocompromised patients and are assoc. with EBV and derived from B cells
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Primary CNS Lymphomas
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what are some clinical manifestations of brain tumors?
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n/v
papilledema Headache Altered sensory/motor fx Seizures diplopia |
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what is the treatments for brain tumors?
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surgery
irradiation chemotherapy |
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this type of seizure is confined to one hemisphere and does not involve loss of consciousness
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simple partial seizure
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this type of seizure begins in a localized area, spreads to both hemispheres, and involves loss of consciousness
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Complex partial seizures
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These seizures are non-convulsive expressed by brief periods of unconsciousness
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Absence seizure
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What drugs are used to treat seizures?
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phenytoin
ethosuximide- for absence phenobarbital carbamazepine clonazepam valproate |
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Name some causes of viral meningitis
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Herpes virus
EBV Adenovirus CMV |
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MCC of meningitis in children
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Meningococcal
H. influenzae |
