Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
11 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Cell Differentiation
|
proliferating cells transformed into more specialized cell types
occurs in steps; w/ each, increased specialization exchanged for loss of ability to develop different cell characteristics fully differentiated = no longer able to divide |
|
|
The Cell Cycle
|
intervals b/t each cell division
regulates duplication of genetic info, aligns duplicated chromosomes to be received by daughter cells Phases: G1, S, G2, M S phase- DNA synthesis; 2 separate sets of chromosomes, 1 for each daughter cell M phase- mitosis/cell division Cyclins & CDKs- proteins that control cell movement through cell cycle; different combos associated w/ each stage in cycle ---activity regulated by CDK inhibitors- fxn as tumor suppressors (frequently altered in tumors) |
|
|
Checkpoints in Cell Cycle
|
to determine accuracy of DNA duplication; allow for DNA defects to be edited & repaired
|
|
|
Cyclins & CDKs
|
proteins that control cell movement through cell cycle
different combos associated w/ each stage in cycle activity regulated by CDK inhibitors- fxn as tumor suppressors (frequently altered in tumors) |
|
|
Benign Neoplasms
|
well-differentiated cells
resemble cells of tissue of origin slow, progessive rate of growth grow by expansion no metastasis; encapsulated do not cause death unless interfere w/ vital fxn d/t location |
|
|
Malignant Neoplasms
|
undifferentiated w/ anaplasia & atypical structure; little resemblance to tissue of origin
growth variable; more anaplastic, higher growth rate grows by invasion; processes infiltrate surrounding tissue gain access to blood & lymph to metastasize cause ischemia, tissue necrosis, rob normal tissues of nutrients, liberate enzymes & toxins that destroy tissue Categories: Solid tumors- confined to specific tissue/organ initially; cells metastasize as grow Hematologic cancers- involve blood-forming cells; disseminated diseases |
|
|
Role of Heredity & environmental factors in Cancer
|
does not have single cause; interaction
Heredity- predispositions to certain cancers observed in families follow mendellian inheritance patterns 10% w/ 1st degree relative autosomal dominant patters greatly increase risk of developing cancer |
|
|
Local Effects of Tumor Growth
|
bleeding
compression of blood vessels (hypertension) compression of lymph vessels (edema, ascites, effusion) compression of hollow organs compression of nerves (pain, paralysis) |
|
|
Staging Tumors
|
according to clinical spread of disease; to determines extent & spread of disease
used to determine disease course & select treatment TNM system: classifies cancer into stages T- size & local spread N- involvement of regional lymph nodes M- extent of metastasis |
|
|
Diagnostic Tests for Cancer
|
determined by location & type of cancer suspected
Papanicolaou Test- microscopic exam to detect presence of abnormal cells cancer cells lack cohesive properties & intracellular jxns typical of normal tissue can be preformed on body secretions Biopsy: removal of tissue for microscopic study Tumor Markers: antigens expressed on surface of tumor cell or substances released from normal cells in response to tumor used for screening, diagnosis, prognosis, monitorning treatment & detecting recurrent disease can be elevated in benign conditions & not elevated in early malignancy --> greatest value monitoring therapy |
|
|
Cancer Treatment
|
goal: curative, control, or palliative
Surgery: diagnosis & staging of cancer, tumor removal, control of emergencies, pallation (syx control) sometimes cannot remove entire tumor Radiation Therapy: can be used as primary treatment, pre/post op treatment, w/ chemo&/surgery, palliative (reduce pain) ionizing radiation (x-rays/gamma rays) causes cellular damage rapidly proliferating & poorly differentiated tumor cells more likely to be injured Chemotherapy: systemic treatment; may be primary form of treatment; for most hematologic & some solid tumors proportion of tumor cells killed; multiple doses needed combination chemo more effective affect both cancer & rapidly proliferating cells (bone marrow, blood cells) Side effects: anorexia, vomiting, nausea, anemia, neutropenia, stomatitis, GI damage, fatigue, hair loss Hormone & Antihormone therapy: alter hormonal enviroment of cancer cells used for cancers responsive to/dependent on hormones for growth (breast, prostate, endometrium) reduce hormone levels/change receptors so no longer respond to hormone Biotherapy: immunotherapy and biologic response modifiers to change pt's own immune response to cancer modify responses, destroy cancer cells by supressing tumor growth/killing tumor cells/modifying tumor biology |
