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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Similar to normal cells (differentiated) Divide at slightly higher rate Often encapsulated Expands but does not spread (causing tissue damage) Usually not life threatening |
Characteristics of Benign Tumors |
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Nonfunctional Cell Undifferentiated Rapidly divide Infiltrates (spreads) and Metastasizes (invades) normal tissue No capsule Life threatening |
Characteristics of Malignant Tumors |
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Pain Obstruction Infection |
Local effects of Tumors |
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Weight loss and Cachexia (severe tissue wasting) Anemia or reduced hemoglobin Infection Bleeding Paraneoplastic Syndrome -substances released from tumor cells (enzymes, hormones, etc.) that effect normal body funciton |
Systemic effects of Tumors |
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Produced by tumor and circulating blood |
Tumor markers (diagnostic test) |
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5 types of tumor markers |
*Enzymes *Tissue Receptors *Antigens *Oncogenes *Hormones |
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The only definitive test for malignancy requires___________ of the tumor cells |
examination |
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Common Tumor markers |
*ER (estrogen receptor) *CA-125 *CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) *PSA (prostate specific antigen) *AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) |
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Protein found in the nucleus of breast and uterine tissue |
ER (estrogen receptor) |
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Diagnosis and monitoring of women with ovarian cancer |
CA-125 |
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Colon Cancer |
CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) |
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Prostate cancer |
PSA (prostate specific antigen) |
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Produced by developing fetus, but its blood levels decline after birth. Prenatal diagnoses of spina bifida and abnormalities associated with cerebrospinal fluid leakage during embryonic development. Diagnosis and monitoring of patients with non-seminoma testicular cancer. |
AFP (Alpha-fetoprotein) |
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Tumors are _______ when they are located in the site of pathogenesis. |
Primary |
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Tumors are _______ when they have spread to another area or region. |
Secondary |
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Tumors spread due to characteristics of the tumor cell by the following mechanisms: |
*Invasion *Metastasis *Seeding |
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*Local spread *Tumor cells grow into adjacent tissue and destroy normal cells (lytic enzymes) |
Invasion |
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*Spread to distant sites by blood or lymphatic channels *Tumor cells erode into vein or lymphatic vessel and travel through the body and lodge in hospitable sites |
Metastasis |
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Common secondary sites |
Lungs and Liver |
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Spread of cancer cells in body fluids or along membranes (usually body cavities) |
Seeding |
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A classification process that describes the extent of the disease upon diagnosis, may be repeated, used for prognosis and treatment methods |
Staging of Cancer |
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Four stages of cancer (I-IV) based on 3 factors: |
*Size of primary Tumor (T) *Involvement of regional lymph nodes (N) *Spread (invasion) or metastasis of tumor (M) |
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is the process where normal cells are transformed to cancer cells |
Carcinogenesis |
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Changes to cell DNA are the root cause of |
Malignancy |
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Various genes responsible for cell growth, replication, cancer (oncogenes) and tumor suppression |
Malignancy Etiology |
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A sequence of changes occur over time and causative factors vary for each________ |
Cancer (Malignancy Etiology) |
