Patho Ch 18 Urinary

Front 1

Normal urine is

Back 1

Clear and straw-colored

Front 2

Urine pH range

Back 2

4.5-8.0 (average: 6.0)

Front 3

this urine May indicate protein, cells, bacteria, pus

Back 3

Cloudy

Front 4

this urine has signs of hematuria, bilirubin, high concentration

Back 4

dark

Front 5

this type of urine shows signs of infection

Back 5

Odor

Front 6

Is an upper tract UTI

Back 6

Pyelonephritis

Front 7

these are lower tract UTI's

Back 7

Cystitis (bladder) and Urethritis

Front 8

Common causative agent for UTI

Back 8

E. Coli

Front 9

Most UTI infections are from microbes ________ up from perineal areas

Back 9

ascending

Front 10

_____ are more vulnerable than men of UTI

Back 10

Woman

Front 11

Woman are more vulnerable because of

Back 11

shortness of urethra, proximity to anus and irritation

Front 12

Cystitis can be

Back 12

mild and asymptomatic at times

Front 13

Cystitis causes pain in

Back 13

lower abdomen

Front 14

Cystitis can cause different types of urination

Back 14

Dysuria, Frequent urination (sense of urgency), Nocturia

Front 15

Systemic signs of Cystitis

Back 15

Fever, Malaise, Leukocytosis, Nausea

Front 16

Cystitis can make the urine

Back 16

Cloudy with unpleasant odor

Front 17

Cystitis urinalysis reveals

Back 17

bacteriuria, pyuria, hematuria

Front 18

Infection from ureter to renal pelvis and medullary tissue (tubules)

Back 18

Pyelonephritis

Front 19

Purulent exudate fills pelvis and calyces, medulla is inflamed

Back 19

Pyelonephritis

Front 20

Urinalysis of Pyelonephritis reveals

Back 20

"urinary casts"

Front 21

Many forms are manifest; APSGN (acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis) is a represenative form

Back 21

Glomerulonephritis

Front 22

Usually begin as upper respiratory infections, middle ear, or "strep throat"

Back 22

Glomerulonephritis

Front 23

Glomerulonephritis urine is

Back 23

Dark/cloudy (coffee-colored) due to proteinuria, hematuria

Front 24

Calculi can develop anywhere in urinary tract and may be small to large as in staghorn calculi

Back 24

Urolithiasis

Front 25

Any solid material or debris from a _______ (nest or natural reservoir) upon which deposits build and enlarge; Urolithiasis

Back 25

nidus

Front 26

May also be from excessive insoluble salts in the filtrate or inadequate fluid intake (creates concentrated urine)

Back 26

Urolithiasis

Front 27

Treatment of Urolithiasis

Back 27

Lithotripsy

Front 28

75% of calculi are _______, the rest mainly uric acid

Back 28

calcium salts

Front 29

Sudden failure occurs for many reasons, usually reversible if primary problem is treated

Back 29

Acute Renal Failure

Front 30

_____ Kidneys are involved in Acute renal failure

Back 30

Both

Front 31

____ is used to replace kidney function during this period (usually reversible); Acute renal failure

Back 31

Dialysis

Front 32

Acute renal failure usually develops rapidly due to reduced blood flow or inflammation and necrosis leading to ____________

Back 32

Tubule Obstruction

Front 33

Early stages of Acute renal failure are indicated by

Back 33

Reduced or very low GFR

Increased serum urea

Elevated BUN and metabolic wastes

Front 34

_____ may result in Acute renal failure if underlying problem is not resolved

Back 34

Uremia

Front 35

Signs and symptoms of Acute Renal Failure

Back 35

Develops rapidly

Oliguria

Increased serum urea

Elevated BUN

Metabolic acidosis

Hyperkalemia

Front 36

Gradual irreversible destruction of tubules

Back 36

Chronic renal failure

Front 37

Chronic renal failure results from

Back 37

Chronic kidney disease

Hypertension

Diabetes

Long term exposure to toxins

Front 38

Kidneys have __________ so Chronic renal failure is often asymptomatic until well advanced

Back 38

reserve capacity

Front 39

At this point progression can be slowed but not stopped due to scar tissue formation

Back 39

Chronic renal failure

Front 40

Decreased renal reserve

Back 40

60% of nephrons loss

Front 41

Renal insufficiency

Back 41

75% nephrons loss

Front 42

End-stage renal failure

Back 42

90% loss of nephrons and uremia

Front 43

Late signs of chronic renal failure include (end-stage failure)

Back 43

-Oliguria, dry itchy skin (pruritis)

-Peripheral neuropathy, memory loss

-Failure of kidney to activate Vit. D

-Congestive heart failure, Arrhythmias

-"Uremic Frost" on skin (powdery deposits of urea and uric acid salts on the skin and face)

-Osteoporosis, systemic infections

Front 44

Passed down through families (inherited), usually as an autosomal dominant trait. Much more common in adults.

Back 44

Polycystic Kidney (PKD)

Front 45

An autosomal recessive form of PKD also exists and appears in ___________

Back 45

infancy or childhood