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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
*Conversion of a differentiated cell type to another.
*change toward squamous differentiation lined in epithelium is most common form *serves a protective function against repeated exposure to noxious stimuli *considered premalignant (precancerous) Examples: chronic tobacco usage, HPV in cervix, GERD |
METAPLASIA
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*Alteration in size, shape, & organization of cellular & subcellular components of a tissue.
*Mild = premalignant *High-grade = neoplasia (true cancer) *multi-step process by which normal cells are converted to cancerous cells |
DYSPLASIA
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Examples: actinic keratosis = sun damage
melanoma = arise from preexisting nevi (moles) |
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Intracellular accumulation of materials that cannot be properly utilized where several disease occur.
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INTRACELLULAR STORAGE
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Lysosomal storage diseases = genetic enzyme deficiency
*Ex.: Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's disease, Hurler's Syndrome Glycogen storage diseases *Ex,: Pompe's disease, Von Gierke disease, McArdle's disease |
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*Gangliosides (nat'l lipids) accumulate in lysosomes because of presence of an enzyme mutation (beta-hexosaminidase) that normally degrades gangliosides.
*results in cellular dysfunction, leading to visual & mental deterioration and usually death in childhood. |
TAY-SACHS DISEASE
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lysosomal storage disease
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*alpha-glucosidase is genetically absent, glycogen accumulates throughout the body, resulting in death in infancy from heart failure
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POMPE'S DISEASE
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Glycogen storage disease
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*deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase, leading to inability to convert glycogen to glucose
*leads to enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly), & hypoglycemia |
VON GIERKE DISEASE
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Glycogen storage disease
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*deficiency in muscle phosphorylase, leading to accumulation of glycogen in skeletal muscles
*results in muscle cramping during exercise, onset usually on young adulthood |
MCARDLE'S DISEASE
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Glycogen storage disease
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*Reversible Cellular injury
*increased vol. of cytoplasm, distention of subcellular organelles 2ndary to impairment of cellular vol. regulation. |
HYDROPIC SWELLING
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*Irreversible Cellular injury
*occurs often in liver (alcoholism/diabetes) *results in cellular swelling, impaired function |
ABNORMAL INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATION OF FAT (FATTY CHANGE)
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*Irreversible cellular injury
*age-related pigment found in many organs (nerve cells & liver) derived from cell membrane turnover. |
LIPOFUSCIN
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Two primary types of cell death
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*NECROSIS
*APOPTOSIS |
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*nucleus undergoes PYKNOSIS (general shrinkage with clumping of chromatin)
*loss of integrity of plasma & nuclear membrane, resulting in intracellular accumulation of Ca++ ions, swelling, & formation of membrane blebs *karyorrhexis or karyolysis *elicit inflammation |
NECROSIS
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Cell Death
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nuclear material dispersing through the cytoplasm
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KARYORRHEXIS
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necrosis
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nuclear material extruding from the cell
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KARYOLYSIS
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necrosis
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3 TYPES OF NECROSIS
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*COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
*LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS *CASEOUS NECROSIS |
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Example: Myochardial Infarction (MI)
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COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
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*rapid cell death & dissolution of tissue into liquid by digestive enzymes (neutrophils)
*may follow coagulative necrosis or occur primarily *tends to occur in CNS (ex.: stroke) |
LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS
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*occurs when dead cells persist as coarse, amorphous debris, usually surrounded by lymphocytes
*caseous means "cheese-like"; granuloma Example: Tuberculosis |
CASEOUS NECROSIS
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acute inflammatory cells
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NEUTROPHILS
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chronic inflammatory cells
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LYMPHOCYTES
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*controlled death of cells during normal growth & development
*"programmed cell death" or genetic suicide pathway *occurs w/n bloodstream to eliminate unneeded clones of lymphocytes & antibody-producing cells *pink-staining, dense, irregularly shaped, anuclear bodies, often in background of normal tissue *dont elicit iflammation, cleared by patrolling macrophages |
APOPTOSIS
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Cell Death
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