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21 Cards in this Set

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*Conversion of a differentiated cell type to another.
*change toward squamous differentiation lined in epithelium is most common form
*serves a protective function against repeated exposure to noxious stimuli
*considered premalignant (precancerous)
Examples: chronic tobacco usage, HPV in cervix, GERD
METAPLASIA
*Alteration in size, shape, & organization of cellular & subcellular components of a tissue.
*Mild = premalignant
*High-grade = neoplasia (true cancer)
*multi-step process by which normal cells are converted to cancerous cells
DYSPLASIA
Examples: actinic keratosis = sun damage
melanoma = arise from preexisting nevi (moles)
Intracellular accumulation of materials that cannot be properly utilized where several disease occur.
INTRACELLULAR STORAGE
Lysosomal storage diseases = genetic enzyme deficiency
*Ex.: Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's disease, Hurler's Syndrome
Glycogen storage diseases
*Ex,: Pompe's disease, Von Gierke disease, McArdle's disease
*Gangliosides (nat'l lipids) accumulate in lysosomes because of presence of an enzyme mutation (beta-hexosaminidase) that normally degrades gangliosides.
*results in cellular dysfunction, leading to visual & mental deterioration and usually death in childhood.
TAY-SACHS DISEASE
lysosomal storage disease
*alpha-glucosidase is genetically absent, glycogen accumulates throughout the body, resulting in death in infancy from heart failure
POMPE'S DISEASE
Glycogen storage disease
*deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase, leading to inability to convert glycogen to glucose
*leads to enlargement of the liver (hepatomegaly), & hypoglycemia
VON GIERKE DISEASE
Glycogen storage disease
*deficiency in muscle phosphorylase, leading to accumulation of glycogen in skeletal muscles
*results in muscle cramping during exercise, onset usually on young adulthood
MCARDLE'S DISEASE
Glycogen storage disease
*Reversible Cellular injury
*increased vol. of cytoplasm, distention of subcellular organelles 2ndary to impairment of cellular vol. regulation.
HYDROPIC SWELLING
*Irreversible Cellular injury
*occurs often in liver (alcoholism/diabetes)
*results in cellular swelling, impaired function
ABNORMAL INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATION OF FAT (FATTY CHANGE)
*Irreversible cellular injury
*age-related pigment found in many organs (nerve cells & liver) derived from cell membrane turnover.
LIPOFUSCIN
Two primary types of cell death
*NECROSIS
*APOPTOSIS
*nucleus undergoes PYKNOSIS (general shrinkage with clumping of chromatin)
*loss of integrity of plasma & nuclear membrane, resulting in intracellular accumulation of Ca++ ions, swelling, & formation of membrane blebs
*karyorrhexis or karyolysis
*elicit inflammation
NECROSIS
Cell Death
nuclear material dispersing through the cytoplasm
KARYORRHEXIS
necrosis
nuclear material extruding from the cell
KARYOLYSIS
necrosis
3 TYPES OF NECROSIS
*COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
*LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS
*CASEOUS NECROSIS
Example: Myochardial Infarction (MI)
COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
*rapid cell death & dissolution of tissue into liquid by digestive enzymes (neutrophils)
*may follow coagulative necrosis or occur primarily
*tends to occur in CNS (ex.: stroke)
LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS
*occurs when dead cells persist as coarse, amorphous debris, usually surrounded by lymphocytes
*caseous means "cheese-like"; granuloma
Example: Tuberculosis
CASEOUS NECROSIS
acute inflammatory cells
NEUTROPHILS
chronic inflammatory cells
LYMPHOCYTES
*controlled death of cells during normal growth & development
*"programmed cell death" or genetic suicide pathway
*occurs w/n bloodstream to eliminate unneeded clones of lymphocytes & antibody-producing cells
*pink-staining, dense, irregularly shaped, anuclear bodies, often in background of normal tissue
*dont elicit iflammation, cleared by patrolling macrophages
APOPTOSIS
Cell Death