Patho - Cell Injury

Front 1

Hypoxia definition

Back 1

inadequate oxygenation of tissue

Front 2

O2 content eqn

Back 2

(Hb x 1.34) x SaO2 + PO2 x 0.003

Front 3

In the presence of metHb or COHb, pulse ox reads a

Back 3

falsely high SaO2

Front 4

Ischemia definition

Back 4

dec arterial inflow or venous outflow

Front 5

what is the most common cause of hypoxia

Back 5

ischemia

Front 6

difference b/t hypoxia and hypoxemia

Back 6

hypoxemia is CAUSE of hypoxia

Front 7

Hypoxemia definition

Back 7

dec PO2

Front 8

This implies what? Why?

Back 8

dec SaO2 b/c Hb gets its O2 from the plasma

Front 9

Incr PCO2 means there as to be what fx of PO2

Back 9

dec

Front 10

Ventilation defect definition

Back 10

perfused, not ventilated; intrapulm shunt

Front 11

How can it be determined?

Back 11

Give O2 and doesn't incr PO2

Front 12

Perfusion defect definition

Back 12

ventilated, not perfused; dead space

Front 13

Why does PO2 incr if O2 is given?

Back 13

Other parts of lung compensate

Front 14

In anemia, what is PO2 and SaO2?

Back 14

NORMAL

Front 15

What defines metHb?

Back 15

Fe3+

Front 16

What is the fx on SaO2?

Back 16

Dec SaO2

Front 17

Describe the blood color

Back 17

Chocolate

Front 18

Which drugs precipitate this?

Back 18

Nitrate & sulfur containing drugs

Front 19

Tx?

Back 19

IV methylene blue

Front 20

Classic cases of CO poisoning 5

Back 20

heater in winter, automobile exhause, smoke inhalation, wood stove, paint thinner

Front 21

Tx?

Back 21

O2 by nonbreather

Front 22

Describe the blood color

Back 22

cherry-red

Front 23

Factors that L-shift O2 curve 5

Back 23

low BPG, CO, high pH, hypothermia, metHb, fetal Hb

Front 24

High alt induces 2

Back 24

incr 2-BPG, resp alk

Front 25

3 fx of CO

Back 25

block cyt oxidase, displaces O2 on Hb, causes L shift so dec O2 sat

Front 26

Another inh of cyt oxidase

Back 26

CN

Front 27

Both can be found in

Back 27

house fires

Front 28

Tx for CN poisoning; 2

Back 28

amyl sulfate, thiosulfate

Front 29

2 uncouplers of oxphos

Back 29

DNP, thermogenin

Front 30

2 mitochondrial toxins:

Back 30

EtOH, salicylates

Front 31

Connect these 2 ideas

Back 31

Alcoholics more prone to heat stroke

Front 32

ST depression on EKG

Back 32

subendocardial ischemia

Front 33

In renal cortex, what is most susceptible to hypoxia

Back 33

proximal tubule straight part

Front 34

In renal medulla, what is most susceptible to hypoxia

Back 34

TAL

Front 35

What tissue most adversely affected by hypoxia

Back 35

neurons

Front 36

What part of liver most susceptible to hypoxia

Back 36

Zone 3

Front 37

What is the point of no return for cell injury

Back 37

Incr cystolic Ca

Front 38

Why?

Back 38

Activates PL, proteases, endonucleases

Front 39

What does it do mitochondria?

Back 39

Release cyt c -> apoptosis

Front 40

Most destrictive free radicals (FR)

Back 40

Hydroxyl FR

Front 41

Oxidase reactions produce

Back 41

Superoxide FR (O2-)

Front 42

What else produces O2-?

Back 42

Xanthine oxidase

Front 43

What gets rid of this?

Back 43

SOD

Front 44

MPO fxn

Back 44

combine H2O2 to Cl to form BLEACH

Front 45

What does it require?

Back 45

NADPH

Front 46

What's the problem with acetaminophen?

Back 46

Produces FR in liver, kidney

Front 47

Why can dry cleaners get liver damage?

Back 47

CCl4

Front 48

Fe and Cu generate which type of FR?

Back 48

Hydroxyl FR

Front 49

What is the damage FR cause? 2

Back 49

Mess up DNA, lipid peroxidation

Front 50

What enhances GSH?

Back 50

GSH peroxidase

Front 51

What does it neutralize 3

Back 51

H2O2, hydroxyl, acetaminophen FR

Front 52

What else degrade peroxide?

Back 52

Catalase

Front 53

What is the best neutralizer of hydroxyl FR

Back 53

Vit C

Front 54

What other vit/min neutralize FR?

Back 54

Vit E, Se

Front 55

Why Nac the antidote to acetaminophen?

Back 55

Generates GSH

Front 56

Mech of reperfusion injury: 2

Back 56

FR, incr cytosolic Ca

Front 57

I cell dz is a defect in

Back 57

post-translational modification of lysosomal enzymes

Front 58

Lysosomal and glycogen disorder converge in?

Back 58

Pompe's

Front 59

Genetics of Chediak-Higashi?

Back 59

AR

Front 60

Rx causing defect in tubulin synthesis in G2 phase

Back 60

Etoposide, bleomycin B

Front 61

Rx causing mitotic spindle defects: 3

Back 61

Vinca alkaloids, -taxel, colchicine

Front 62

Ubiquitin is a marker for degradation of what?

Back 62

Intermediate filament

Front 63

Damaged ubiquitin cytokeratin int filaments in liver

Back 63

Mallory bodies (EtOH)

Front 64

Damaged neurofilaments in SN?

Back 64

Lewy bodies (parkinson's)

Front 65

Most common cause of fatty change in liver?

Back 65

EtOH

Front 66

Patho? 3

Back 66

High NADH/NAD -> Incr production G3P -> shunted to make TG

Front 67

Why can dec Kwashiokor cause fatty liver?

Back 67

Dec apoprotein for packaging

Front 68

2 etiology for fatty change in cardiac muscle

Back 68

Anemia, diptheria

Front 69

What is hemosiderin?

Back 69

Ferritin degradation product

Front 70

Difference b/t dystrophic and metastatic calcification?

Back 70

Dystrophic: in necrotic tissue; metastatic: norm tissue

Front 71

Difference in serum levels?

Back 71

Dystrophic has norm Ca, PO4

Front 72

Calcification in chronic pancreatitis is which?

Back 72

Dystrophic

Front 73

What color is it?

Back 73

Blue

Front 74

Nephrocalcinosis is which?

Back 74

Metastatic

Front 75

Basal ganglia calcification is which?

Back 75

Metastatic

Front 76

Atherosclerotic plaque is which?

Back 76

dystrophic

Front 77

Periventricular calcification of congenital CMV?

Back 77

dystrophic

Front 78

Residual bodies of atrophy

Back 78

lipofuscin (Brown atrophy)

Front 79

What is lipofuscin?

Back 79

lipids you can't break down all the way

Front 80

What does BPH stand for?

Back 80

Bening prostatic HYPERPLASIA

Front 81

Which cells can still divide? 2

Back 81

Labile, stabile cells

Front 82

SM can undergo hyperplasia: true or false

Back 82

TRUE

Front 83

What allows G1 -> S

Back 83

RB

Front 84

Which chr is this located on

Back 84

Chr 13

Front 85

What inh this?

Back 85

CDK

Front 86

what inh CDK?

Back 86

p53

Front 87

Which chr is this located on

Back 87

Chr 17

Front 88

How to tell metaplasia v. hyperplasia?

Back 88

Hyperplasia = xs norm tissue; metaplasia is DIFFERENT tissue

Front 89

Coagulation necrosis preserves

Back 89

structural outlines

Front 90

2 types of infarcts

Back 90

pale, hemorrhagic

Front 91

Which under pale?

Back 91

Good consistency organs: heart, kidney, spleen etc

Front 92

Dry gangrene is predominantly which kind of necrosis

Back 92

Coagulation

Front 93

Cerebral infarct is which type of necrosis

Back 93

Liquifactive

Front 94

Wet gangrene is predominantly which kind of necrosis

Back 94

Liquifactive

Front 95

What is the most common cause of caseous necrosis

Back 95

TB

Front 96

When u see abscess, what 2 bugs first come to mind?

Back 96

Staph, strep

Front 97

Pancreatitis shows what type of necrosis

Back 97

Enzymatic fat necrosis

Front 98

Damage to breast tissue shows what type of necrosis

Back 98

Traumatic fat necrosis

Front 99

Immune-mediated dz is which type of necrosis

Back 99

fibrinoid

Front 100

Extrinsic pathway of apoptosis requires

Back 100

TNF

Front 101

BCL2 fxn?

Back 101

anti-apoptosis gene

Front 102

Which chr is this located on

Back 102

Chr 18

Front 103

BAX fxn?

Back 103

apoptosis gene

Front 104

What are the enzymes of apoptosis?

Back 104

Caspases

Front 105

Apoptotic bodies appear 4

Back 105

Eosinophilic, pyknotic, detached from neighboring cells, lack infl

Front 106

What is another name for these bodies?

Back 106

Councilman bodies