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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The heart pumps how many quarts of blood throughout the body each minute?
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5 quarts
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The two upper chambers of the heart are called ____________ and the two lower chambers are called ___________.
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atria, ventricles
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Cardiac muscle tissue is composed of _________ __________ __________.
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striated muscle cells
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Myocardial infarction results from insufficient ___________ ___________, as when a coronary __________ is occluded by atherosclerotic plaque, _____________, or myocardial _________ spasm.
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O2 supply, artery, thrombus, muscle
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Almost one third of all deaths in western countries are attributed to __________ __________.
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heart disease
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Identify the first symptom of coronary artery disease.
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the pain of angina pectoris
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What procedure is used to stimulate the new growth of blood vessels for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD)?
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Experimental gene therapy uses injections of DNA directly into cardiac muscle to stimulate new goowth of blood vessels
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List individuals having the potential to be at increased risk for coronary artery disease.
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people at higher risk for CAD are those who have a genetic disposition to the disease, those older than 40 years of age, men (slightly more than women), postmenopausal women, and Caucasians
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Describe the pain that is experienced by a patient experiencing angina pectoris.
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The patient has a sudden onset of left-sided chest pain during or shortly after exertion. The pain may radiate to the left arm or back. The patient also may experience dyspnea (shortness of breath)
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Identify the forms of nitroglycerin that are helpful in preventing angina.
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sublingual nitroglycerin tablets, nitroglycerin spray sublingual, transdermal nitroglycerin
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Angina pectoris is commonly treated with sublingual nitroglycerin tablets. Which of the following is correct concerning the use of nitroglycerin?
*Sublingual tablets are kept in the original glass container *Tablets should be kept in the refrigerator after opening *Sublingual tablets are explosive and should be handled carefully. *None of the above |
Sublingual tablets are kept in the original glass container
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Cite the percentage of deaths occurring in the first hour after a myocardial infarction.
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65%
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What measures are initiated to try to reverse cardiac arrest?
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CPR must be instituted within 4 to 6 minutes. If available, use a cardiac defibrillator.
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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) must be instituted within __________ to ___________ minutes of the __________ arrest.
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4, 6, cardiac
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Cardiac arrest is the sudden unexpected cessation of the heart. Which of the following interventions would be expected to be taken? *Lidocaine injection
*CPR *Sublingual beta-adrenergic drugs *a and b |
a and b
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Name the most prevalent cardiovascular disorder in the United States.
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Hypertensive heart disease
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List the symptoms of essential hypertension.
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The patient may experience headaches, epistaxis, light-headedness, or syncope (fainting or passing out), although there usually are no symptoms.
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Are people always aware that they have hypertension?
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no
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Elevated ________ ________ ________ is (are) the __________ indication of hypertension.
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blood pressure readings, first
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Which of the following medications are NOT commonly used to treat hypertension? *Candesartan (Atacand)
*Glyburide (Diabeta) *Atenolol (Tenormin) *Furosemide (Lasix) |
Glyburide (Diabeta)
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Which of the following drugs should be avoided in a patient with hypertension? *Hydrochlorothiazide
*Lisinopril (Zestril) *Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) *Verapamil (Calan) |
Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
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Which of the following is NOT a drug used to treat elevated cholesterol levels?
*Simvastatin (Zocor) *Ezetimibe (Zetia) *Niacin *Methylprednisolone (Medrol) |
Methylprednisolone (Medrol)
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Identify the cardiac test that helps in evaluating cardiac chamber size; ventricular function; and disease of the myocardium, valves, cardiac strictures, and pericardium.
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ECG
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Congestive heart failure (CHF) is frequently treated with which of the following medications?
*Vasodilators *Beta blockers *Digoxin *All of the above |
All of the above
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The use of which of the following medicines is discouraged when a patient is taking nitrate-based vasodilators?
*Hydrochlorothiazide *Beta blockers *Sildenafil (Viagra) *Calicum channel blockers |
Sildenafil (Viagra)
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Cor pulmonale affects which side of the heart?
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the right side
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Describe the skin of a person with pulmonary edema.cold and clammy
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cold and clammy
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Pulmonary edema causes patients to experience __________ and _________, orthopnea, __________ cardiac and respiratory __________, and often ____________ frothy sputum.
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dyspnea, coughing, increased, rates, bloody
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Pulmonary edema is a condition of _________ shift into the _________________ spaces of the lungs.
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fluid, extravascular
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The condition where fat-containing substances are deposited on the coronary artery lumens causing a narrowing is:
*congestive heart failure. *cerebral artery disease. *ischemia. *coronary artery disease. |
coronary artery disease
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The procedure where a catheter with a balloon is threaded into a coronary artery and expanded to compress the plaque and widen the lumen is called:
*coronary artery bypass. *angioplasty. *magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). *none of the above. |
angioplasty
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Symptoms of cardiovascular disease include:
*chest pain, fatigue, and fainting *rapid heart beat and palpitations. *cyanosis, edema, and dyspnea. *all of the above. |
all of the above
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Patients with coronary heart disease always experience pain.
True False |
False
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The condition in which the patient experiences chest pain with exertion is:
*angina pectoris. *coronary artery disease. *myocardial infarction. *congestive heart failure. |
angina pectoris
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The patient experiencing crushing chest pain, dyspnea, diaphoresis, and anxiety usually is suffering from:
*angina. *congestive heart failure. *myocardial infarction. *none of the above. |
myocardial infarction
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Common symptoms of a myocardial infarction are: left-sided, crushing-type pain.
*irregular heartbeat, *dyspnea, and excessive sweating. *nausea, anxiety, and denial. *all of the above. |
all of the above
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Myocardial infarction is the death of myocardial tissue caused by ischemia.
True False |
True
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Causes of cardiac arrest include respiratory arrest, myocardial infarction, trauma, electrocution, hemorrhage, and drug overdose.
True False |
True
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The most prevalent cardiovascular disorder in the United States is:
*angina pectoris. *hypertensive heart disease *myocardial infarction. *congestive heart failure. |
hypertensive heart disease
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The patient who complains of sudden onset of severe headache, blurred vision, and dyspnea may be suffering from:
*congestive heart failure. *myocardial infarction. *malignant hypertension. *angina pectoris. |
malignant hypertension
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The cause of essential hypertension is unknown.
True False |
True
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The patient who experiences gradually increasing dyspnea, anxiety, and edema of the feet and ankles may be suffering from: *congestive heart failure.
*myocardial infarction. *malignant hypertension. *angina pectoris. |
congestive heart failure
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Treatment of congestive heart failure includes: *medication to slow and strengthen the heartbeat.
*administration of diuretics. *digitalis. *all of the above. |
all of the above
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Fluid shift into the extra-vascular spaces of the lungs with accompanying dyspnea, coughing, and bloody, frothy sputum is indicative of: *myocardial infarction.
*pulmonary edema. *angina pectoris. *none of the above. |
pulmonary edema
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Patients usually do not experience chest pain from atherosclerosis until the coronary arteries are about ________ occluded.
*20% *25% *50% *75% |
75%
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Which of the following is an enzyme that may be elevated during an MI?
*CPK and Troponin *Creatinine and BUN *Renin and BUN *Glucose and Renin |
CPK and Troponin
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Enlargement of the right ventricle as a sequel to primary lung disease, also known as right-sided heart failure is:
*cardiomyopathy. *cor pulmonale. *cardiac taponade. *pulmonary edema. |
cor pulmonale
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The 2 lower chambers of the heart are called the:
*atria. *valves. *apexes. *ventricles. |
ventricles
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If an ECG is showing ventricular fibrillation or asystole, the patient is probably in:
*cardiogenic shock. *cardiac arrest. *shock. *malignant hypertensive crisis. |
cardiac arrest
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Cardiomyopathy causes the patient to experience symptoms of ____________, including ________________, ___________, ____________, ______________ and occasionally ________ pain.
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CHF, dyspnea, fatigue, tachycardia, palpitations, chest
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Which of the following medications may be used in the treatment of cardiomyopathy? *Digoxin (Lanoxin)
*Warfarin (Coumadin) *Metformin (Glucophage) *Both a and b |
Both a and b
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Which type of growths on the cardiac valves characterizes endocarditis?
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vegetative growths
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Identify a preventive measure before dental work for people with endocarditis.
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Patient must take prophylactic antibiotics.
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Endocarditis is usually secondary to ___________ in the bloodstream.
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bacteria
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Myocarditis is frequently a __________, bacterial, __________, or protozoal infection or complication of other diseases.
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viral, fungal
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Medications used to treat endocarditis would most often include (best answer): *Antiinflammatories *Antibiotics
*Antipyretics *Antifungals |
Antibiotics
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Identify the cause of rheumatic heart disease.
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Group A beta, hemolytic strep
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Name the final option for treating rheumatic heart disease.
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Treatment is aimed at reducing the stenosis of the valves and preventing further damage. Surgery to relieve the stenosis or to replace the valve may be necessary.
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Which valves of the heart can be affected by valvular heart disease?
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any of the four valves
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List the symptoms associated with mitral valve prolapse.
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usually asymptomatic, but the few patients who experience symptoms report chest pain, dyspnea, dizziness, fatigue, and syncope. These patients may experience severe anxiety.
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Valvular heart disease can occur in the form of _____________ or __________.
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insufficiency, stenosis
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How are cardiac arrhythmias diagnosed?
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a 12 lead ECG or a Holter Monitor
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Arrhythmias occur when there is _______________ with the _______________ system of the heart, resulting in a(an) _________________ of the heartbeat.
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interference, conduction, abnormality
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Which part of the heart fails to work effectively during cardiogenic shock?
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The myocardium
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Explain the cause of cardiac tamponade.
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It may result from an insult to the integrity of a vessel in the pericardium, allowing blood to fill the pericardial space. The pressure of the blood causes the heart to beat inappropriately, leading to cardiac arrest. It may also occur in patients with certain cancers chronic kidney failure, and other medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism or lupus.
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Which of the following treatments would not be acceptable for the treatment of shock? *Elevating the legs.
*Replacing IV fluids *Applying ice packs *Maintaining proper ventilation. |
Applying ice packs
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In addition to blood clots, list forms of offending emboli that may occlude a blood vessel.
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air bubbles, fat globules, bacterial clumps, or pieces of tissue, including placenta
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List the three forms of arteriosclerosis.
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Atherosclerosis, Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis, Arteriolosclerosis
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Which form of arteriosclerosis is responsible for most myocardial and cerebral infarctions?
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Atherosclerosis
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Deposits of fat–containing substances called _________ on the ____________ of the coronary arteries result in atherosclerosis.
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plaque, lumen
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Angioplasty is attempted to open up a constricted _________ in coronary artery disease.
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artery
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Noninflammatory disease of the heart muscle with enlargement of the myocardium and ventricular dysfunction refers to: *rheumatic fever.
*mitral stenosis. *cardiomyopathy. *none of the above. |
cardiomyopathy
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Cardiomyopathy is a noninflammatory disease of the cardiac muscle. True False
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True
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Acute or chronic inflammation of the sac enclosing the heart is: *endocarditis.
*myocarditis. *pericarditis. *rheumatic fever. |
pericarditis
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A systemic inflammatory disease of the joints and cardiac tissue that follows a sore throat caused by group A beta–hemolytic streptococcus is: *endocarditis.
*myocarditis. *pericarditis. *rheumatic fever. |
rheumatic fever
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Valvular heart disease can occur in what forms? *insufficiency *stenosis
*contracture *a and b |
a and b
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The valve most frequently involved in valvular heart disease is: *aortic valve.
*mitral valve. *pulmonary valve. *tricuspid valve. |
mitral valve.
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Mitral stenosis usually is the result of rheumatic heart disease. True False
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True
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Patients with mitral valve prolapse experience severe crushing chest pain and syncope. True False
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False
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Cardiac arrhythmias may be caused by: *disturbances in the normal conduction system of the heart.
*ischemia and drugs. *failure of the SA node. *all of the above. |
all of the above.
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Interference with the conduction system of the heart may be the source of: *essential hypertension.
*cardiac arrhythmias. *atherosclerosis. *all of the above. |
cardiac arrhythmias.
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The patient with pale, cold, clammy skin, a rapid and weak pulse, tachypnea, and an altered level of consciousness is experiencing: *congestive heart failure.
*shock. *atherosclerosis. *none of the above. |
shock
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Treatment of cardiac tamponade includes:
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drainage of the blood in the pericardium.
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Possible consequences of emboli include: *cerebral vascular accident. *myocardial infarction.
*pulmonary venous obstruction. *all of the above. |
all of the above.
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A pulsating mass that is noted mid–abdomen indicates:
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aortic aneurysm
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A hardening of the cusps of the valves that prevents complete opening of the valves and impedes the blood flow in to the next chamber is:
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stenosis
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The pacemaker of the heart is the:
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sinoatrial node
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An inadequate output of blood by the heart where the myocardium fails to pump effectively is:
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cardiogenic shock
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Inflammation of the lining and the valves of the heart characterized by vegetative growths on the cardiac valves that may be released into the bloodstream in the form of emboli is:
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endocarditis
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Which of the following is a lethal arrhythmia in which the patient loses consciousness immediately after onset?*ventricular fibrillation.
*atrial fibrillation. *atrial tachycardia. *sinus tachycardia. |
ventricular fibrillation
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Which of the following might be caused by viral, bacterial, fungal or protozoal infection or exposure to certain toxic agents like Lithium use, chronic use of cocaine or chronic alcoholism? *Congestive heart failure
*Rheumatic heart disease *Myocarditis *Endocarditis |
Myocarditis
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Medical intervention for varicose veins includes:
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rest and elevation of the legs.
exercise, warm soaks, and support stockings. surgical intervention or injection of a sclerosing agent into the vein. |
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A vasospastic disease of the fingers, hands, or feet esulting in pain, numbness and sometimes discoloration is:
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Raynaud's disease
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The condition in which a reduction in the quantity of either red blood cells or hemoglobin exists is:
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anemia
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The chronic hereditary form of anemia found predominately in the black race is called:
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sickle cell anemia
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True or False
Sickle cell anemia is asymptomatic. |
False
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True or False
Agranulocytosis (also called neutropenia) is a blood dyscrasia in which leukocyte levels become extremely low. |
True
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Joint and bone pain, fever, weight loss, fatigue, weakness, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and enlarged lymph glands are typical symptoms of:
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leukemia
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The condition that results in painless gross swelling of an extremity is:
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lymphedema
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Painless, enlargement of the lymph nodes, severe itching, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, and malaise are symptoms of:
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Hodgkin's disease
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True or False
Transfusion incompatibility reactions are always fatal. |
False
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The presence of Reed–Sternberg cells in lymphatic tissue is diagnostic of:
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Hodgkin's disease
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___________ is a hereditary bleeding disease resulting from a deficiency of clotting factors.
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Hemophilia
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An insult to the hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow is:
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aplastic anemia
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In lymphoma, when two or more lymph structures are involved, with the involvement being on the same side of the diaphragm, the patient is in stage:
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II
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The most common childhood anemia is:
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acute lymphocytic leukemia
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Buerger–Allen exercises may help improve circulation in:
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Thromboangitis Obliterans
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When an aortic mass is noted in the mid abdomen and pulsation is observed, a patient may have:
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an aneurysm
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Which highly–aggressive non–Hodgkins lymphoma is thought to be caused by the Epstein–Barr virus?
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Burkitt's
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Which of the following is primarily linked to long term smoking of tobacco?
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Buerger's disease
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The presence of tortuous swollen, knotted veins of the lower legs that may cause the skin around them to take on a brownish discoloration is:
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varicose veins
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Which of the following is NOT a component of blood?*red blood cells
*lymph *platelets *plasma |
lymph
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True or False
The best way to treat the pain of thrombophlebitis is the massage the area for relief. |
False
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A condition of simultaneous hemorrhage and thrombosis that occurs secondary to other diseases such as obstetric complications and septicemia is:
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Disseminated intravascular coagulation
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An Auer rod is associated with:
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Acute myelogenous leukemia
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Which type of aneurysm is usually discovered when it ruptures with catastrophic results?
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Cerebral
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List some of the possible causes of varicose veins.
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Defective or absent valves, prolonged standing or sitting causing pressure on the valves, and an enlarged uterus during pregnancy increases pressure on the leg veins and pelvic veins, compromising blood flow.
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Which of the following drugs would be best at preventing thrombi? *Digoxin (Lanoxin)
*Dicylcomine (Bentyl) *Dexamethasone (Decadron) *Warfarin (Coumadin) |
Warfarin (Coumadin)
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List some contributing factors to Raynaud's disease.
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stress, exposure to cold, smoking tobacco, being a female between the age of puberty and 40
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List the components of blood.
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red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes), and a liquid portion (plasma)
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Which of the following medications is (are) frequently used in the treatment of anemia? *Iron
*Folic acid *Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) *All of the above |
All of the above
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What causes hemolytic anemia?
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Abnormal destruction of the RBCs..hereditary may play a role, but exposure to chemical toxins and certain bacterial toxins or autoimmunity also may be the cause.
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How are leukemias classified?
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Leukemia's are classified by the cell type and the degree of differentiation of the neoplastic cells. Acute leukemia's are composed of immature–appearing large hematopoietic cells (blasts). Chronic leukemia's produce more mature appearing, yet hypofunctional, cells.
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Name the form of leukemia that is the most common adult leukemia and accounts for 20% of childhood leukemias.
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(AML) Acute myelocytic leukemia
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Describe the laboratory tests that are used to confirm a diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).
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Peripheral blood smear showing increase numbers of immature lymphocytes and reduced numbers of erythrocytes and platelets, Microscopic examination of a bone marrow aspiration or biopsy , CSF may be withdrawn and examined for leukemia cells. A karyotype is performed to look for any abnormalities that may help determine prognosis and treatment options.
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Identify the initial symptoms of Hodgkin's disease.
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Painless enlargement of lymph nodes in the neck or mediastium, fatigue, alcohol–induced pain, and pruritiis.
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Name two clotting disorders.
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Classic Hemophilia, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
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Heparin is given in injection only.
True False |
True
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A person who complains of experiencing chest pain with exertion is having:
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Angina pectoris
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Pericarditis is an inflammation of the:
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Sac enclosing the heart
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Raynaud's disease is a vasospastic disease that affects the:
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Hands, fingers, and feet
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The diagnosis of anemia indicates that the patient is experiencing a reduction in:
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Red blood cells or hemoglobin
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The hereditary blood disease sickle cell anemia is predominantly seen in:
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The black race
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The lymphatic tissue in Hodgkin's disease patients contains:
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Reed–Sternberg cells
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Rheumatic heart disease may cause problems with the:
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Valves
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Left–sided crushing–type chest pain, irregular heartbeat, dyspnea, excessive sweating, nausea, anxiety, and denial are all symptoms of:
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Myocardial infarction
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Electrocution, myocardial infarction, and drug overdose may cause:
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Cardiac arrest
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People with mitral valve prolapse are sometimes:
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Asymptomatic, Anxious, Experiencing heart palpitations
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Primary or essential hypertension:
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Has an unknown etiology
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Ischemia causes:
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Death to tissue
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Blood transfusion incompatibility reactions are:
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Potentially life threatening
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Lymphedema causes swelling of:
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An extremity
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Cardiac arrhythmias are result of:
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Interference with the conduction system of the heart
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