Pathalogy - Section 4

Front 1

Which planes are affected by adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?

Back 1

" Coronal Sagittal Axial"

Front 2

List the 4 broad categories of etiologies of scoliosis.

Back 2

1. Neuromuscular curves

2. Congenital curves

3. Specific disorders (disease, tumor, or trauma)

4. Idiopathic curves

Front 3

What type of disorder is Arthorgryposis?

Back 3

Neuropathic Disorders

Front 4

What type of disorder is Polio

Back 4

Myopathic Disorders

Front 5

What type of disorder is Spinocerebellar dysfunction

Back 5

Myopathic Disorders

Front 6

What type of disorder is Muscular Dystrophy

Back 6

Myopathic Disorders

Front 7

What type of disorder is Cerebral Palsy

Back 7

Myopathic Disorders

Front 8

List the three main categories of idiopathic scoliosis in children.

Back 8

1. Infantile (birth - 3 years)

2. Juvenile (3 - 10 years)

3. Adolescent (10 - 17 years)

Front 9

Briefly describe Family and General Health History in the evaluation process of scoliosis.

Back 9

A complete review of family medical history of the patient is needed due to a high familial incidence of scoliosis. The individual patient?s medical history is reviewed to identify the age of onset and progression of the curve

Front 10

Briefly describe Physical Examination in the evaluation process of scoliosis - (What instrument is described in this section?)

Back 10

The patient's shoulders, thorax, back and pelvis are observed for asymmetry or abnormalities;

a SCOLIOMETER is used

Front 11

Briefly describe Radiographic Evaluation in the evaluation process of scoliosis.

Back 11

Includes standing, full-length postero-anterio and lateral X-rays

Front 12

Briefly describe Classification of Curve in the evaluation process of scoliosis.

Back 12

generally classified by curve pattern and magnitude.

Front 13

Briefly describe Cobb Angle Measurement in the evaluation process of scoliosis.

Back 13

The magnitude or severity of a scoliotic curve is measured in degrees of curvature

Front 14

Briefly describe Risk of Progression in the evaluation process of scoliosis.

Back 14

(1) Gender of the patient

(2) magnitude of the curve,

(3) curve pattern

(4) age at onset of the curve

(5) Skeletal maturity of the patient

Front 15

Briefly describe Determination of Skeletal Maturity in the evaluation process of scoliosis.

Back 15

the RISSER SIGN, the radiographic observation of the iliac crest growth plate

Front 16

Briefly describe Treatment by Observation in the evaluation process of scoliosis.

Back 16

the surgeon must observe the patient for curve progression on a frequent basis

Front 17

Briefly describe Non-Operative Treatment in the evaluation process of scoliosis.

Back 17

Electrical stimulation, biofeedback, and manipulation which consist mainly of casting and bracing; may only prevent AIS curves from progressing

Front 18

Briefly describe Operative Treatment in the evaluation process of scoliosis.

Back 18

The primary objective is to achieve a solid ARTHRODESIS (fusion)

Front 19

Describe a structural curve/major curve.

Back 19

A _____ ______ will not bend out on forced bending X-rays; it is generally at least 10 degrees greater than a _____ curve / the largest Cobb measurement on a standing X-ray, and is not influenced by side bending.

Front 20

Describe a non-structural curve/minor curve/compensatory curve.

Back 20

These do not generally do bend out on radiographic studies / also called _______ CURVES the Scoliosis Research Society defines a ______ curve as any other curve(s) that do not have the largest Cobb angle measurement.

Front 21

Describe how a left bending film is taken and what it shows.

Back 21

The lower, left curve bends out, indicating that it is a minor or compensatory curve

Front 22

Describe how a right film is taken and what it shows.

Back 22

The upper, right curve does not bend out, indicating that it is a major or structural curve

Front 23

Describe how you identify the end vertebrae for a Cobb angle measurement.

Back 23

The last vertebrae on each end of the curve that are tilted into the concavity of the curve. The disc spaces within the curve are always wide on the convex side of the curve

Front 24

What plane(s) does the King Classification relate to and what region of the spine does it describe?

Back 24

Coronal / Thoracic

Front 25

Which plane(s) do the Lenke Classification system relate to and what region(s) of the spine does it describe?

Back 25

sagittal plane / thoracic & lumbar curves

Front 26

What are the five main indicators to help determine the risk of curve progression?

Back 26

1. Gender of the patient

2. Magnitude of the curve:

3. Curve pattern:

4. Age at onset of the curve:

5. Skeletal maturity of the patient

Front 27

Describe how the Risser sign is used.

Back 27

iliac crest is divided into four regions (1, 2, 3, and 4).

As the patient grows, these regions progressively fuse. The patients degree of skeletal maturity is designated by a score of 1 to 5

Front 28

List and describe the three basic treatment options for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.

Back 28

1. Observation

2. Non-operative treatment with observation

3. Surgical intervention

Front 29

Differentiate between casting and orthotics.

Back 29

Casting serves as a treatment for scoliosis while orthotics serves as a method to only prevent the progression of scoliosis