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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 4 main effects that Tumors have on hosts?
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1. Local effects
2. Hormonal effects 3. Cancer cachexia 4. Paraneoplastic syndromes |
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What are the 4 local effects tumors can have on their hosts?
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1. Destruction of normal tissues
2. Obstruction of hollow viscera 3. Ulceration through natural boundaries w/ resulting bleeding or infection 4. Tumor rupture or infarction |
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What are 3 examples of how tumors destroy the normal tissue?
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-Pressure effects
-Direct destruction by invading -Replacement of hematopoietic marrow |
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How can tumors cause hormonal effects?
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By causing over-production of the hormone that is native to the site of tumor origin.
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What is cancer cachexia?
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The progressive loss of fat and muscle that leads to wasting.
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What is NOT the cause of cancer cachexia?
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Metabolic requirements of the tumor
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What IS thought to be the cause of cachexia?
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Excess secretion of TNF-alpha!
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What are "Paraneoplastic Syndromes"?
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Symptoms not accounted for by local or distant spread of tumor
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Give 3 examples of paraneoplastic syndromes:
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-Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
-Endocrinopathies -Neuromyopathies |
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If someone with a lung cancer presented with Cushings syndrome, would that be a hormonal side effect or paraneoplastic syndrome?
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Paraneoplastic syndrome - the hormone is secreted by the tumor, not the actual gland.
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What are pathologists more involved in; grading, or staging of tumors?
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Grading
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What is grading?
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Assessment of the level of histologic differentiation, based solely on the histologic appearance.
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What is staging?
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The assessment of the extent of disease or tumor burden.
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What makes a tumor increase in grade?
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Lack of differentiation
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What does grade of tumor tell about its aggressiveness?
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Higher grade = more aggressive
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What is the grading scale?
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Depends on the tumor; could be low, intermed, or high, or 1-4
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What is the most common staging system for tumors?
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TNM
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What does TNM stand for?
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T = size of primary
N = regional lymph node involvement M = distant metastasis |
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How do grading and staging usually correlate?
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Usually similar
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When grading and staging DON'T correlate, but are discrepant, which is more important?
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Staging (TNM)
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