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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does neoplasia mean?
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Cancer
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Why is it important to study cancer?
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It is the 2nd leading cause of death in the US behind CV disease
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Who is Cancer the leading cause of death in?
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Patients under 85
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Why is cancer causing death surpassing heart disease?
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Because the incidence of death via heart disease is drastically lower.
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What does "Tumor" mean?
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Swelling
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What is the definition of Neoplasia?
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New growth
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What is a Neoplasm?
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-Abnormal mass of tissue
-Growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal growth -Persists in excessive manner even after the stimulus for growth is gone |
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What is the dysequilibrium that neoplasms show?
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-Excessive cell growth
-Inadequete cell death relative to the growth |
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Why do neoplasms grow so much?
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They are not responsive to the normal growth controls and stimuli
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What do we call the escape from normal control?
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Autonomy
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What is the manifestation of disordered, abnormal growth?
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Abnormal architecture of tissues
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What makes hyperplasia different from neoplasia?
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Hyperplastic growth still responds to normal regulatory mechanisms.
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How does hyperplastic tissue appear?
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Normal architecturally
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What is the most significant difference between neoplasms and hyperplasia?
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Neoplasms: CLONAL, abnormal
Hyperplasia: Polyclonal, normal |
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What is metaplasia?
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Conversion of one specialized tissue into another specialized tissue
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What is the usual cause of metaplasia?
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Noxious stimuli, chronic
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What is dysplasia?
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Deranged growth
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What is an epithelial dysplasia?
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Abnormal epithelia that is atypical and not normally organized
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What are most epithelial dysplasias?
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Neoplastic proliferations confined to the epithelium.
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Why is dysplasia bad?
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It has the potential to progress to invasive carcinoma
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What is Parenchyma?
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The functional tissue of an organ that distinguishes it from the connective and supportive tissue.
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What is mesenchymal tissue?
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Derived from mesodermal germ layer, the connective tissue.
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What is the first step in classifying neoplasia?
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Look at the number of parenchymal cell types.
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If only one type of parenchymal cell is present, what do you look at?
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Whether it is epithelial or mesenchymal (connective tissue).
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Once you've determined if a neoplasm is epithelial or mesenchymal, what is the final decision to make?
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Whether it is benign or malignant.
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If there is more than one parenchymal cell type, what must be determined?
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How many germ layers are represented.
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What is the final step after determining what germ layers are present?
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Determine if it's malignant or benign.
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What is a benign tumor derived from glandular epithelium called?
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An adenoma
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How do you classify adenomas?
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Based on the tissue of origin.
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What do you call a mucinous or serous adenoma?
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A cystadenoma
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What is the most common type of ovarian neoplasm?
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Serous or mucous cystadenomas
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How are benign NONglandular epithelial tumors named?
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After their cell of origin and architecture
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What is the general term for malignant epithelial tumors?
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Carcinoma
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What do you call a malignant tumor derived from glandular epithelium?
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Adenocarcinoma
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When there is a particular tissue of origin for a malignant glandular epithelial tumor, eg from the kidney, what is it?
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Renal cell carcinoma
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What is the misnomer for naming a malignant tumor from liver cells?
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Hepatoma - it is MALIGNANT
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What is a further way to classify carcinomas?
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Based on histogenesis
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What are 2 types of different histologic breast carcinomas?
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1. Ductal carcinoma of the breast
2. Lobular carcinoma of the breast |
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How are NONglandular malignancies classified?
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Based on the tissue of origin
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How are benign mesenchymal tumors named?
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Based on the cell of origin plus OMA
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What is a fibrous benign tumor?
What is a fatty benign tumor? |
Fibroma
Lipoma |
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How is a malignant mesenchymal tumor named?
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By adding SARCOMA to the tissue cell of origin
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What would you call a malignant cardiac tumor?
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Angiosarcoma
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What are the 2 most critical features that denote MALIGNANCY versus benign?
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-Ability to invade
-Ability to metastasize |
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What 4 factors must you look at in determining whether a neoplasm is benign or malignant?
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1. Demarcation
2. Differentiation 3. Rate of growth 4. Distant spread |
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What type of demarcation is seen in benign neoplasms?
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-Clearly visibly bounded
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How does a benign tumor interact with surrounding tissues as it grows?
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It compresses surrounding tissues as it expands.
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What may result from atrophy of surrounding tissue and collagen deposition as a benign neoplasm grows?
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Formation of a capsule
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What type of demarcation is noted in malignant neoplasms?
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Indistinct, jagged, stellate, and the tissue merely infiltrates surrounding tissue.
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What does Differentiation mean?
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The degree to which a tumor resembles the normal tissue from which it arose.
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What are 2 types of differentiation?
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-Morphologic
-Functional |
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What type of differentiation is characteristic of benign tumors?
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Well differentiated
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What type of differentiation is characteristic of malignant neoplasms?
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Poorly differentiated
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What does Anaplastic mean?
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Completely undifferentiated
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What does degree of differentiation indicate?
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How aggressive a tumor is
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So the least differentiation is a sign of:
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Marked aggression
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Really good differentiation is a sign of:
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Not very aggressive
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What are 4 ARCHITECTURAL indicators of decreasing differentiation?
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1. Loss of normal polarization
2. Increased stratification 3. Loss of ability to form glands 4. Increased cellularity |
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What are 4 CELLULAR indicators of decreasing differentiation?
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1. Pleomorphism
2. Nuclear hyperchromaticity 3. Abnormal mitotic figures 4. Prominent nucleoli |
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What rate of growth is characteristic of benign neoplasms?
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Slow
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What rate of growth is characteristic of malignant neoplasms?
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-Rapid
-Erratic |
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What type of neoplasm would be very aggressive?
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-Poorly differentiated
-Rapidly growing |
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What is the DREADED COMPLICATION of malignant tumors?
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Metastasis
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What is the only therapy once a malignancy has metastasized?
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Systemic - Chemotherapy
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What are 4 routes of metastasis?
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1. Direct seeding
2. Lymphatic spread 3. Hematogenous spread 4. Transplantation |
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What is direct seeding?
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The spread of a neoplasm within a body cavity by detachment and subsequent implantation; relatively uncommon
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What are 2 common examples of direct seeding?
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-Ovarian tumors with peritoneal seeding
-CNS tumors with seeding of the spinal cord or nerve roots |
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What is the major mode of carcinoma metastasis?
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Lymphatic spread
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What does the lymphatic spread of cancer have potential for?
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Spreading into the peripheral blood via the thoracic duct which empties into the right SVC.
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Where is the most likely place to see squamous carcinoma that has metastasized into a lymph node?
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Subcapsular, where the afferents enter.
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What is the major mode of metastasis for sarcomas?
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Hematogenous
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By what structures does hematogenous spread usually proceed?
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Veins
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What are the 4 main effects of neoplasms on hosts?
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-Local effects
-Hormonal effects -Tumor cachexia -Paraneoplastic syndromes |
