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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is PAF?
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Platelet activating factor
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What is PAF derived from?
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Ag-stimulated IgE coated basophils
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What does PAF cause?
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-Platelet aggregation
-Vasoconstriction -Bronchoconstriction |
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What does PAF at very low concentrations cause?
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A paradoxical vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
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What are cytokines TNF and IL-1 produced by mainly?
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Macrophages
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What do TNF and IL-1 do?
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-Induce endothelial adhesion molecule synthesis (ICAM1/VCAM1)
-Induce chemical mediators -Causes acute phase reaction |
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What does an acute phase reaction consist of?
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Fever
Anorexia Sleep Shock Neutrophilia |
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What stimulates macrophages to release IL-1 and TNF?
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Physical injury
Immune complexes Endotoxin |
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What are chemokines?
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Chemoattractans for leukocytes
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What are the 4 important groups of chemokines?
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CXC chemokines
CC chemokines C chemokines CX,C chemokines |
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What does IL-8 attract and what is its source?
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Source: macrophages
Attracts: Neutrophils |
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What are MCP-1, Eotaxin, MIP-1alpha, and RANTES attractants for?
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All WBCs except PMNs
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What is C chemokine specific for?
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Lymphocytes
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What is the CX,C chemokine?
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Fractalkine
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What is NO produced by?
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-Endothelial cells
-Macrophages |
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What does NO from endothelial cells do?
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Relaxes smooth muscle for vasodilation
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How is NO synthesized?
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From L-arginine via NO synthase
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What is the function of endothelial derived NO?
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A compensatory mechanism to reduce the inflammatory response
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What is the function of macrophage derived NO?
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To kill bacteria and engulfed organisms.
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What are the lysosomal constituents of leukocytes?
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Destructive enzymes
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What neuropeptide is an inflammatory mediator?
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Substance P
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What does Substance P do?
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Causes increased permeability of the microvasculature
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What are 3 outcomes of acute inflammation?
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1. Resolution
2. Progression to chronic inflammation 3. Healing by CT replacement and fibrosis |
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What are the 4 morphologic patterns of acute inflammation?
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1. Serous
2. Fibrinous 3. Suppurative/purulent 4. Ulcers |
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What is a serous inflammatory pattern?
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Outpouring of transudate - thin fluid, effusion
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What is the common manifestation of a serous inflammatory response?
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Blister
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What is the cause of fibrinous inflammation?
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More severe injuries allowing fibrinogen and large proteins to escape the vasculature
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How does fibrinous inflammation compare to serous?
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It has an eosinophilic meshwork due to the increased fibrin in ECM.
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In what body sites is fibrous inflammation typically seen?
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Body cavity linings like the pericardium or pleural lining.
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What does Purulent or suppurative inflammation consist of?
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An exudate consisting of neutrophils, necrotic cells and edema
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What is purulent inflammation commonly caused by?
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Pyogenic bacteria (staph)
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What is the common manifestation of purulent inflammation?
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Abscesses
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What is the difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
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Acute subsides and the tissue returns to normal
Chronic subsists and consists of simultaneous active inflammation, tissue destruction, and repair. |
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What are causes of chronic inflammation?
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-Persistent infections
-Prolonged exposure to toxic agents -Autoimmunity |
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What are the morphologic features of chronic inflammation?
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-Mononuclear cell infiltration
-Tissue destruction -Angiogenesis and fibrosis |
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What are the predominant cell type in chronic inflammation?
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MACROPHAGES
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What is the precursor of macrophages?
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Monocytes
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What happens to macrophages at the site of chronic inflammation?
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Activation
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What are the actions of activated macrophage products?
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-Elimination of the offender
-Initiation of fibrosis -Tissue destruction |
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What is the hallmark of Granulomatous inflammation?
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Focal accumulation of epithelial-like cells
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What is the prototypical granulomatous inflammation?
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TB
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What type of cell injury is seen in TB?
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Caseous necrosis
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What forms in granulomatous inflammation?
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Giant cells
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What type of giant cells?
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Langerhans
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What is the difference between Langerhans and Foreign-body type giant cells?
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Langerhans: nuclei are peripheral
Foreign body: nuclei are haphazardly arranged |
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What do granulomas form from?
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Giant cells
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What do the epitheloid cells that form the granulomas develop from?
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Accumulated activated macrophages
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What role do the lymphatics play in inflammation?
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-Secondary line of defense
-Drains edema |
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What are the systemic effects of inflammation called?
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Acute phase reactions
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What is SIRS?
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Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
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