Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Critical point in the prgression to cancer?
|
carcinoma in situ
|
|
|
|
Point at which tumors can be palpable?
|
30 tumor cell doublings
1 gram already fully vascularized |
|
|
|
average mutation number in tumors?
|
80
|
|
|
|
Two common gene mutations in colon and breast cancer
|
1) p53
2) PIK3CA (phosphoinositide 3-Kinase) --what does this do? |
(lipid kinase that serves as a 2ndd messenger)
|
|
|
Tumors are:
a) homogeneous b) heterogeneous c) either- depends on the cancer |
heterogeneous
|
|
|
|
Major contributor to recurrence of tumors
|
resting phase of some tumor cells
|
|
|
|
characteristics of tumor cell growth
|
-asynchronous
-longer doubling times |
|
|
|
Which is most likely correct in reference to asynchronous cell growth:
1) baisch Model of variable S-phase duration 2)Smith-Martin Model of fixed S-phase duration |
Smith-Martin Model of fixed S-phase duration
|
|
|
|
S-Phase specific measurments of tumor cell cycle kinetics
|
-cancerous DNA staining by cytokeratin
- mitotic figure counting - thymine/analog uptake (bromodeoxyuridine-BrdUrd) -growth fraction (using BrdUrd % incorporation) |
|
|
|
solid tumors are frequently deen to deviate from the diploid state. What is this called?
|
aneuploidy
|
|
|
|
max size of tumor allowed without angiogenesis
|
1 mm
|
|
|
|
Mechanism of Angiogenesis
|
Hypoxia-induced factor 1-alpha (HIF-1a) induces VEGF realse by Tumors
Tumors also release bFGF inflammatory cells release TGF-b, EGF, PDGF, and bFGF |
|
|
|
VEGF effects (normal)
VEGF mechanism of action (normal) |
endothelial cell division, migration, cell survival, and inc permeability
|
Tip cells bind VEGF, upregulating DII4
DII4 binds notch receptor on stalk cells stalk cells divide and vessel elongates tip cell b/ms desensitized to VEGF |
|
|
how VEGF effects differ in tumors
|
increase in tip cell population and uncontrolled tip cell growth
|
|
|
|
preventing angiogenesis
|
using endogenous inhibitors-
antibody that neutralized VEGF |
angiostatin, endostatin, TGF-b, TNF-a, IL-12
bevacizumab |
|
|
common areas of metastasis for the following primary tumors:
1) lung 2) breast or prostate |
1) brain and liver metastasis
2) bone metastasis |
|
