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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 categories of intracellular accumulations:
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1. Normal substances in excess
2. Abnormal substances 3. Pigments |
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What are 3 mechanisms of intracellular accumulations?
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1. Inadequate rate of metabolism
2. Genetic or acquired defect 3. Exogenous substance can't be metabolized |
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What is Steatosis?
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The abnormal accumulation of triglycerides in a cell
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What are 4 causes of Steatosis?
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-Toxins (alcohol)
-Protein malnutrition -Diabetes -Obesity |
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What is the mechanism that results in steatosis?
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A defect in uptake, catabolism, or secretion of fatty acids
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In what tissue does steatosis most often occur?
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The liver (but also can be heart and muscle)
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Where do cholesterol accumulations occur in cells?
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In intracellular vacuoles
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Where does cholesterol lipid accumulate in Atherosclerosis?
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-Smooth muscle cells
-Foamy macrophages |
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What is Xanthoma?
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The accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages in hyperlipidemic diseases.
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Why does cholesterol accumulate in cells during inflammation and necrosis?
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Because it is phagocytosied from the plasma membrane.
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What is Cholesterolosis?
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The condition where macrophages in the gallbladder are filled with cholesterol.
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What is the characteristic finding of cholesterolosis?
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Strawberry gallbladder
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What is the lysosomal storage disorder in which cholesterol trafficking is defective?
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Niemann pick disease, type C
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What are 2 situations in which Proteins can accumulate within cells?
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-Proteinuria
-Defects in protein folding |
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What morphologic feature results from proteinuria?
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Reabsorption droplets in proximal renal tubules
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What are 5 protein folding defect diseases where protein accumulates in cells?
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1. a-1-antitrypsin deficiency
2. Cystic fibrosis 3. Familial hypercholesterolemia 4. Neurodegenerative diseases 5. Amyloidosis |
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Why does alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency cause protein aggregation?
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Because of slow folding proteins aggregate in the ER
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What are Russell bodies?
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Eosinophilic inclusions found in immne cells when secretory proteins are produced excessively.
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What is amyloidosis?
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The aggregation of proteins
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What exactly is a Hyaline change?
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A homogenous, glassy, pink appearance.
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What are 2 accumulations that can cause such a hyaline change?
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-Intracellular protein accumulations
-Collagenous fibrous tissue |
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What does glycogen accumulation result from?
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Abnormal glucose or glycogen metabolism
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What is the histological appearance of glycogen accumulations?
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Clear vacuoles
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What are 2 diseases that glycogen accumulations are associated with?
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-Diabetes mellitus
-Glycogen storage diseases |
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What disease correlates wtih excess glycogen in the myocardium? What is the abnormal enzyme?
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Pompe disease
-Lysosomal glucosidase |
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What is von Gierke disease? What organ is associated?
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G6P deficiency - accumulations in the liver
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What is muscle phosphorylase deficiency?
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McArdle
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What are 2 exogenous pigments that can be found accumulated in cells?
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-Carbon
-Tattoo ink |
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What are 4 endogenous pigments?
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-Lipofuscin
-Melanin -Hemosiderin -Bilirubin |
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What is lipofuscin?
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A polymer of lipid and protein
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What is lipofuscin a sign of?
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Free radical injury
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What are the morphologic characteristics of lipofuscin?
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-Yellow brown
-Finely granular -Perinuclear |
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What is carbon in the lung called?
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Lung anthracosis
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What will melanin pigment be seen in?
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Melanoma
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What is hemosiderin?
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Iron
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What is localized hemosiderin a common finding in?
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Bruises - contusion
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What are the 4 stages of pigmenting seen in bruises, and what color are they?
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1. Hemorrhage - red/blue
2. Biliverdin - green blue 3. Bilirubin 4. Hemosiderin - golden/yellow |
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When can systemic iron overload be seen?
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1. Transfulsional or 2ndary hemosiderosis
2. Hereditary hemachromatosis |
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What will hemosiderin be found accumulated in?
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Hemosiderin-laden macrophages
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What is hemachromatosus?
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Increased iron uptake from the diet
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What are the 2 types of pathologic calcifications?
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1. Dystrophic
2. Metastatic |
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Where does dystrophic calcification occur?
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Locally in dying tissues
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What will serum levels of Ca be like in dystrophic calcification?
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Normal
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What are 2 diseases where dystrophic calcification occurs?
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-Atherosclerosis
-Calcified heart valves |
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What are 2 findings that may occur in dystrophic calcification?
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-Heterotopic bone
-Psammoma bodies |
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What are Psammoma bodies?
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Progressively acquired layers of calcium
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What is metastatic calcification?
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The deposition of calcium in otherwise normal tissues.
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What is metastatic calcification almost always associated with?
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Calcium metabolism disturbances
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What are 4 common causes of metastatic calcification?
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1. HyperPTH
2. Bone destruction (mx myeloma) 3. Vit D disorders 4. Renal failure |
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So dystrophic is due to
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cellular necrosis
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And metastatic is due to
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metabolic disturbances
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What are 5 common sites for metastatic calcification?
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-GI mucosa
-Kidneys -Lungs -Systemic arteries -Pulmonary veins |
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What do the sites of metastatic calcification have in common?
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alkaline
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What are 3 things that accumulate due to normal cellular aging?
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-Lipofuscin
-Glycation end products -Abnormally folded proteins |
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What are 3 causes of cellular aging?
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1. Replicative senescence
2. Influential genes 3. Accmulation of metabolic and genetic damage |
