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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are tendons?
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connect muscle to bone
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what type of CT are tendons composed of ?
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CT proper, dense and regular
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what is the major component of tendons ?
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collagen
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what is the major physiological in the tendon?
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parallel
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what is the major physiological characteristic in the tendon ?
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tensile strenght
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what is a tendon sheath ?
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CT structure that wraps around a tendon
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why are tendon /sheath susceptible to injury ?
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firction
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cardi
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heart
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eryth
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erythos (red)
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anasarca
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severe generalized, massive edema. Anasarca often occurs in congestive heart failure, liver failure, or renal disease
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Blood plasma
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It makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. It is mostly water (90% by volume) and contains dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, hormones and carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation).
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Bruise
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contusion, is a type of relatively minor hematoma of tissue[1] in which capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood to seep into the surrounding extracellular space.
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CHONDROBLAST
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A chondroblast is a cell which originates from a mesenchymal stem cell and forms chondrocytes, commonly known as cartilage cells. Chondroblasts that become embedded in the matrix are called chondrocytes. They lie in the space or lacunae present in the groups of two or more. The groups are formed by division of a single parent cell. Groups of chondrocytes are called cell nests or isogenous cell groups. They have euchromatic nuclei and stain by basic dyes.
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CONCUSSION
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Usually caused by a blow to the head, concussions don't always involve a loss of consciousness.they temporarily interfere with the way your brain works. They can affect memory, judgment, reflexes, speech, balance and coordination.
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DERMATOME
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is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve. There are eight cervical nerves, twelve thoracic nerves, five lumbar nerves and five sacral nerves. Each of these nerves relays sensation (including pain) from a particular region of skin to the brain.
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Edema
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is an abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin or in one or more cavities of the body. Generally, the amount of interstitial fluid is determined by the balance of fluid homeostasis, and increased secretion of fluid into the interstitium or impaired removal of this fluid may cause edema.
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extracellular matrix
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outside the cell..the extracellular matrix is substance secreted by connective tissue cells that determines the specialized fuction of each connective tissue type ,typically includes ground substance (fluid to hard ) and fibers ( collagen , elastic)
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fertilization
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Fusion of the sperm and egg nuclei
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fibrocyte
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mature fiberblast ,mainatins matrixs of fibrous types of connective tissues
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gangrene
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is a complication of necrosis (i.e., cell death) characterized by the decay of body tissues, which become black or green and malodorous. It is caused by infection or ischemia, such as from thrombosis (blocked blood vessel). It is usually the result of critically insufficient blood supply (e.g., peripheral vascular disease) and is often associated with diabetes and long-term smoking. This condition is most common in the lower extremities.
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hemostasis
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is the state of equililrium maintenance of stable internal environment of the body
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CHONDROBLAST
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A chondroblast is a cell which originates from a mesenchymal stem cell and forms chondrocytes, commonly known as cartilage cells. Chondroblasts that become embedded in the matrix are called chondrocytes. They lie in the space or lacunae present in the groups of two or more. The groups are formed by division of a single parent cell. Groups of chondrocytes are called cell nests or isogenous cell groups. They have euchromatic nuclei and stain by basic dyes.
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CONCUSSION
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Usually caused by a blow to the head, concussions don't always involve a loss of consciousness.they temporarily interfere with the way your brain works. They can affect memory, judgment, reflexes, speech, balance and coordination.
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DERMATOME
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is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve. There are eight cervical nerves, twelve thoracic nerves, five lumbar nerves and five sacral nerves. Each of these nerves relays sensation (including pain) from a particular region of skin to the brain.
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Edema
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is an abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin or in one or more cavities of the body. Generally, the amount of interstitial fluid is determined by the balance of fluid homeostasis, and increased secretion of fluid into the interstitium or impaired removal of this fluid may cause edema.
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extracellular matrix
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outside the cell..the extracellular matrix is substance secreted by connective tissue cells that determines the specialized fuction of each connective tissue type ,typically includes ground substance (fluid to hard ) and fibers ( collagen , elastic)
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fertilization
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Fusion of the sperm and egg nuclei
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fibrocyte
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mature fiberblast ,mainatins matrixs of fibrous types of connective tissues
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gangrene
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is a complication of necrosis (i.e., cell death) characterized by the decay of body tissues, which become black or green and malodorous. It is caused by infection or ischemia, such as from thrombosis (blocked blood vessel). It is usually the result of critically insufficient blood supply (e.g., peripheral vascular disease) and is often associated with diabetes and long-term smoking. This condition is most common in the lower extremities.
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hemostasis
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is the state of equililrium maintenance of stable internal environment of the body
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histamine
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substance that cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
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hyperemia
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describes the increase of blood flow to different tissues in the body. It can have medical implications, but is also a regulatory response, allowing change in blood supply to different tissues through vasodilation
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hypoxia
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is a pathological condition in which the body as a whole or a region of the body (tissue hypoxiais deprived of adequate oxygen supply
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infection
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the infecting organism seeks to utilize the host's resources to multiply, usually at the expense of the host. The infecting organism, or pathogen, interferes with the normal functioning of the host and can lead to chronic wounds, gangrene, loss of an infected limb, and even death. The host's response to infection is inflammation.
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Inflammation
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a non specfic defensive response of the body to tissue injury includes dilation of blood vessels and an increase in vessel permeability indicated by redness heat swelling and pain
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interstitial fluid
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fluid b/w the cell
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ischemia
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local decrease in blood supply
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laceration
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a torn ragged wound
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ligament
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Fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones
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lymphocytes
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A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system.
By their appearance under the light microscope, there are two broad categories of lymphocytes, namely the large granular lymphocytes and the small lymphocytes. Functionally distinct subsets of lymphocytes correlate with their appearance. Most, but not all large granular lymphocytes are more commonly known as the natural killer cells (NK cells). The small lymphocytes are the T cells and B cells. Lymphocytes play an important and integral role in the body's defenses . |
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Lysosomes
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are spherical organelles that contain enzymes (acid hydrolases). They break up food so it is easier to digestThey digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria
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mesoderm
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In humans, the mesoderm is one of the three primary germ cell layers - the other two are the ectoderm and endoderm - in the very early embryo. The mesoderm is the middle layer. It differentiates to gives rise to a number of tissues and structures including bone, muscle, connective tissue, and the middle layer of the skin. Some cells in mesodermal tissues retain the capacity to differentiate in diverse directions. For example, some cells in the bone marrow (mesoderm) can become liver (endoderm).
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endoderm
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embryonic germ layers forms the lining of the desgestive tube and it associated structures
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ectoderm
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embryonic germ layersforms the epidermisof the skin and its derivatives and nervous tissues
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necrosis
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is the premature death of cells and living tissue. Necrosis is caused by external factors, such as infection, toxins or trauma. This is in contrast to apoptosis, which is a naturally occurring cause of cellular death. While apoptosis often provides beneficial effects to the organism, necrosis is almost always detrimental, and can be fatal.
Cells which die due to necrosis do not usually send the same chemical signals to the immune system that cells undergoing apoptosis do. This prevents nearby phagocytes from locating and engulfing the dead cells, leading to a build up of dead tissue and cell debris at or near the site of the cell death. For this reason, it is often necessary to remove necrotic tissue surgically. |
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parasite
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An organism that grows, feeds, and is sheltered on or in a different organism while contributing nothing to the survival of its host.
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pathogen
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An agent of disease. A disease producer. The term pathogen most commonly is used to refer to infectious organisms. These include bacteria (such as staph), viruses (such as HIV), and fungi (such as yeast). Less commonly, pathogen refers to a noninfectious agent of disease such as a chemical
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Phagocytosis
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(phago- "eating", -cyte "vessel", -osis a process)is the cellular process of phagocytes and protists of engulfing solid particles by the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome. Phagocytosis is a specific form of endocytosis involving the vesicular internalization of solid particles, such as bacteria, and is therefore distinct from other forms of endocytosis such as the vesicular internalization of various liquids. Phagocytosis is involved in the acquisition of nutrients for some cells, and in the immune system it is a major mechanism used to remove pathogens and cell debris. Bacteria, dead tissue cells, and small mineral particles are all examples of objects that may be phagocytosed.
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strain
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Strain (injury), an injury to a muscle in which the muscle fibers tear as a result of over stretching
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sprain
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is an injury to ligaments that is caused by being stretched beyond their normal capacity and possibly torn. A muscular tear caused in the same manner is referred to as a strain. In cases where either ligament or muscle tissue is torn, immobilization and surgical repair may be necessary.
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tendinitis
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meaning inflammation of a tendon
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tendon
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is a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone[1] and is capable of withstanding tension. Tendons are similar to ligaments and fascia as they are all made of collagen except that ligaments join one bone to another bone, and fascia connect muscles to other muscles. Tendons and muscles work together and can only exert a pulling force.
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Vasodilation
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Vasodilation refers to the widening of blood vessels[1] resulting from relaxation of smooth muscle cells within the vessel walls, particularly in the large arteries, smaller arterioles and large veins.
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Vasoconstriction
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Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, particularly the large arteries, small arterioles and veins. The process is the opposite of vasodilation, the widening of blood vessels. The process is particularly important in staunching hemorrhage and acute blood loss. When blood vessels constrict, the flow of blood is restricted or decreased, thus, retaining body heat or increasing vascular resistance. Cutaneously, this makes the skin turn paler because less blood reaches the surface, preventing the radiation of heat. On a larger level, vasoconstriction is one mechanism by which the body regulates and maintains mean arterial pressure.
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WBC
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White blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes are cells of the immune system defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five[1] different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system.[
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Zoonoses
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zoonosis is a disease that can be transmitted from other vertebrate animals to humans. A slightly more technical definition is a disease that normally infects other animals, but can also infect humans. The reverse situation (transmission from human to animal) is known as anthroponosis
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What are the 3 types of inflammation
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Acute, Sub-acute, Chronic
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What is Acute inflammation
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-classic or cardinal symtoms (hot, red, painful and swollen)
-rapid onset and rapid resolution -timeline: a few days |
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Whats is Sub-actue inflammation
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-sequelae of the acute state
-mild inflammmation minimal signs / symptoms -timeline up to 2 weeks |
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What is chronic inflammation
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-it is long term, it is less intense, long duration
-significant accumulation of scar tissue -timeline: 2-3 weeks or 6 months to a year |
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Which inflammatory processes are responsible for the signs and symtoms of inflammation
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-Red/hot: hyperaemia, congestion due to VASODILATION
-Swelling: increases capillary permeability ---> edema (vascular) -Pain: increases tissue pressure due to edema ---> activates nociceptors (increases capillary permeability) -Impaired function: increases capillary permeability, edema decreases ROM |
