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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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An inflammatory exudate has a specific gravity of what?
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greater than 1.018
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A transudate has a specific gravity of what?
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Less than 1.015
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What is the protein percentage in exudate?
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greater than 4%
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What is the protein percentage in transudate?
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less than 3%
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Rouleaux formations indicate an exudate or a transudate?
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exudate
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Inflammatory mediators come in what forms?
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amino acids, lipid derivatives, large proteins, glycoproteins, complex carbohydrates
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Where is histidine stored?
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mast cells, platelets, basophils
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What does histamine control?
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Dilation of precapillary sphincters, causes venule and capillary endothelium to round up, causes endothelium to express adhesion molecules
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What is serotonin made form?
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tryptophan
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Where is serotonin stored?
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mast cells, platelets and basophils in the lung, gi tract and brain
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What is serotonin's role in inflammation?
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It acts early and mediates smooth muscle contraction and pain.
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Where does nitric oxide come from?
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arginine, produced by many cells. Large quantities are produced by activated macrophages, hypoxic or damaged endothelium and damaged tissue cells
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What does Nitric oxide do in inflammation?
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Vasodilates. Makes new blood vessels and helps healing.
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What is heparin?
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A polysaccharide polymer that prevents clotting
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Where is heparin stored?
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Mast cells and basophils. Makes granules look blue.
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How does heparin work?
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It activates Anti-thrombin III and inhibits the intrinsic pathway, thus inhibiting platelet aggregation
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What are kinins?
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Polypeptides made from plasma protein precursors
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How are kinins made?
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Factor 12 activates pre-kallikreins which cleave kininogen to bradykinin (prototype kinin)
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Where do kallikreins come from?
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They are released from injured tissue. Then the kallikreins cleave precursor molecules to make kinins.
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What do kinins do?
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They are potent, slow acting vasodilators. They increase capillary permeability and mediate pain. They can also stimulate the release of histamine, leukotrienes and prostaglandins.
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What does LTB4 do?
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It's chemotactic, makes neutrophils stickier, promotes respirator burst, tells b cells to make more IG
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What does LTC4 do?
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increases permeability, rounds up epithelium
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What does LTD4 do?
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Is chemotactic for eosinophils, chemotactic for neutrophils, stimulates production of oxygen metabolites
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What does LTE4 do?
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Stimulates eosinophil degranulation, potent stimulator of LT production, endotoxin from gram negative bacteria
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What do E series prostaglandins do?
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They induce the release of white blood cells from the bone marrow.
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Which prostaglandins cause vasoconstriction?
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TXA2, PAF
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Which prostaglandins cause vasodilation?
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PGI2, PGE2, PGD2
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Which leukotriene causes chemotaxis?
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LTB4
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Which prostaglandin mediates pain?
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PGE2
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Which leukotrienes control resolution and repair?
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LXA4, LXB4
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What are two acute phase proteins?
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Serum Amyloid A, Fibrinogen
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What is C3 for?
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Chemoattraction and phagocytosis (opsonization). Neutrophils and Macrophages have receptors for it.
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What does c reactive protein do to complement?
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enhances it's activities
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How is C1 activated?
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IgM or IgG bind to the membrane of an infectious agent then activate C1.
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What does C3a do?
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mediate release of histamine from mast celss. They are anaphylatoxins.
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What does C3b do?
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opsonin, chemoattractant for neutrophils, increases respiratory burst, stimulates lymphocytes to make antibodies and secrete chemotactic factors for macrophages
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What does c5a do?
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chemoattractant for neutrophils. Increase respiratory burst, stimulate release of lysosomal contents from neutrophils, mediate release of histamine from mast cell. Anaphylatoxin.
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How is the alternate pathway started?
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C3b binds to a unique sugar on a pathogen. Factor B in the plasma binds to it. Factor D comes and cleaves factor B and cleaved factor B activates c3.
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Where is complement made?
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Liver, macrophages
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Where is heparin made?
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endothelium
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How is the MBL complement cascade activated?
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By pathogens. MBLs reorganize unique sugars on pathogens and bind to them. The MBLs then activate c4 and c2 the way c1 would in the classical cascade
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Where is lactoferrin released from?
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neutrophils
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What does lactoferrin do?
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Removes iron from transferrin in tissue fluids Also makes oxidizing agents to kill microbes.
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What does hepcidin do?
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It binds to the iron uptake protein in intestinal cells. Inhibits iron uptake from the gut during inflammation
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What does the insoluble form of fibronectin do?
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Promotes platelet adhesion, connects macrophage to fibrin mesh, tethers fibroblasts to the wound
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What does the soluble form of fibronectin do?
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Opsonizes. Decreases bacterial adherence to tissues and causes bacteria to clump. Increases phagocytosis.
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What is the main function of fibronectin?
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To build a scaffold for healing.
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When are interferons primarily made?
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After infection by viruses
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What stimulates IFN alpha and beta?
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viruses, IL-1, TNF alpha
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What does IFN alpha and beta do do?
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Inhibits protein synthesis in adjacent cells. Made in WBCs, fibroblasts, lymphocytes
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Where is IFN gamma made?
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TH1 helper t-cells and NK cells
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What does IFN gamma do?
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stimulates NK cells to kill virus. Causes inflammatory cells to express Fc and C3b receptors. ACTIVATES MACROPAHGES. Stimulates NO synthetase. Induces synthesis of antiprotozoal enzymes. Enhances antigen processing.
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Where are interleukins made?
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all nucleated cells especially leukocytes
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What does IL-1 activate?
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Acute phase proteins, adhesion molecules, neutrophil migration, fever, sleep center, ACTH, prostaglandin production, respiratory burst, granuloma formation, resorption of bone and cartilage.
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What do IL-2 and !L-15 do?
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Produced by TH1 helper t cells. IL-15 binds to IL-2 and stimulates immunity effects. Also enhance cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
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What does IL-3 do?
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Produced by helper t cells. Hematopoietin. Stimulates stem cells for mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, megakaryocytes (and all others) Stimulates mast cells and macs to divide. Prevents them from dying.
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What do IL-4 and IL-13 do?
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Made by TH2 helper t cells with bound antigen. Work with IL-10 to suppress inflammation and enhance immunity.Cause T-cells to become TH2 helper cells. Stimulate B cells ato make antibodies. You need IL-4 to make IgE.
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What does IL-5 do?
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Eosinophil specific. Stimulates eosinophil proliferation.
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What does IL-6 do?
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Made by T-cells. Stimulates liver to make acute phase proteins. Stimulates IgA production. Persistant IL-6 will cause bone marrow to shift from making neutrophils to making macrophages
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What does IL-8 do?
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Made by macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelium. STIMULATES NEUTROPHIL MIGRATION. Also stimulates adhesion moleculeson neutrophils. Neutrophil degranulation
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What is IL-10 for?
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INHIBITORY FOR INFLAMMATION. Made by TH2 helper cells. Works with IL 4 and IL 13.
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What does IL-12 do?
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Stimulates cell mediated immunity for mycobacteria, fungi and protozoa. Made by macrophages, neutrophils and B cells. Stimulates T-cella dn NK cells. Works with IFN gamma
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What is IL-13 for?
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Key interleukin for asthma. Binds to t-cells controlling hypersensitivity of airways.
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Which cells make TNF alpha?
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activated macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, NK cells, endothelial cells
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What does TNF alpha do?
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Works with IL-1 for fever. Attracts neutrophils, Can kill protozoa and bacteria DIRECTLY
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What does TNF beta do?
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Made by cytotoxic t cells. LYMPHOTOXIN. Kills infected cells.
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