Path Renal Gu

Front 1

Acute Tubular Necrosis stages

Back 1

Anuria, Polyuria, Recovery

Front 2

Acute tubular necrosis etiology

Back 2

Ischemic (shock or hypotension) & Toxic (NSAIDs, heavy metals, paraquat)

Front 3

Alport’s syndrome S/Sx

Back 3

Hereditary nephritis, neural hearing loss, visual disturbances

Front 4

Anti–basement membrane antibodies

Back 4

Goodpasture’s syndrome (Glomerulonephritis & Pneumonitis)

Front 5

Bartter’s syn S/Sx

Back 5

Excess renin/aldosterone, hypokalemia, alkalosis

Front 6

Bence Jones proteins

Back 6

Multiple myeloma (kappa or lambda Ig light chains), Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia (IgM)

Front 7

Berger’s disease etiology

Back 7

IgA nephropathy, a/w Celiac and HSP

Front 8

Beta-Napthylamine associated Cancer

Back 8

Transitional Cell Ca of bladder

Front 9

Crescents in Bowman’s capsule

Back 9

Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis

Front 10

Cresentic shaped glomerulitis

Back 10

Rapidly Progressive GN

Front 11

Cyclophosphamide associated Ca

Back 11

Transitional Cell Ca of Bladder

Front 12

Dehydration lab results

Back 12

MM dry, UA SpGr high (>1.03), BUN:Cr >20 [both BUN & Cr raised, BUN raised more]

Front 13

Describe actions of Angiotensin II

Back 13

Vasoconstriction, stimulates ADH & Aldosterone, stimulates thirst receptors in hypothalamus

Front 14

Fanconi’s syndrome etiology

Back 14

PCT reabsorption defect, X-linked or from Outdated Tetracyclines

Front 15

Glomerulonephritis with Congo red stain, apple-green birefringerence

Back 15

Amyloid deposition

Front 16

Glomerulus definition

Back 16

A capillary tuft, supplied by Affterent and drained by Efferent Arteriole

Front 17

Goodpasture syndrome S/Sx

Back 17

Hemoptysis, hematuria, and 2nd IDA

Front 18

Goodpasture’s syndrome etiology

Back 18

IgG Ab against alveolar and glomerular BM, Type II HSR

Front 19

Immune complex deposits in mesangium, a/w HSP

Back 19

IgA nephropathy (Berger disease), MC glomerulopathy worldwide

Front 20

Ischemic ATN morphology

Back 20

Kidney pale & swollen; Flat, vacuolated Epi cell along entire tubule [in Toxic ATN, changes are only in PCT]

Front 21

Juxtaglomerular apparatus components

Back 21

Macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells & juxtaglomerular cells

Front 22

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules

Back 22

PAS+ nodules from mesangial matrix deposits, seen in Diabetic nephropathy/Glomerulosclerosis

Front 23

MC Glomerulonephritis in AIDS & IVDUs

Back 23

Focal Segmental GN

Front 24

MCCs of Normal anion gap Acidosis

Back 24

Diarrhea, Glue Sniffing, Hypercholeremia, RTA

Front 25

Nephritis + cataracts + hearing loss

Back 25

Alport’s syndrome

Front 26

Podocyte fusion visible under EM

Back 26

Minimal change disease

Front 27

RBC casts in urine

Back 27

Acute glomerulonephritis

Front 28

Red urine in the morning

Back 28

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Front 29

Renal Tubular Acidosis types

Back 29

Type 1: defect in H+ pump, Type 2: Renal loss of Bicard, Type 4: Hypoaldosteronism -> hypokalemia -> inhibited ammonia excretion

Front 30

Renal changes with chronic high altitude

Back 30

Incr EPO production, Incr Bicarb excretion (response to Resp Alkalosis)

Front 31

Rhabdomyolysis Complications

Back 31

ARF, Hyperkalemia, HypoCa

Front 32

Rhabdomyolysis S/Sx

Back 32

High CK, Myalgia(s), dark urine

Front 33

Rhabdomyolysis etiology

Back 33

Crushes, seizures, drugs

Front 34

Schistosoma hamtobium associated Ca

Back 34

Squamous Cell Ca of bladder

Front 35

Spike and dome on EM

Back 35

Membranous glomerulonephritis (spike = BM around domes, dome = immune complex deposits)

Front 36

Subepithelial humps on EM

Back 36

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Front 37

Thyroidization of kidney

Back 37

Chronic pyelonephritis, histo colloid cast-filled tubules, corticomedullary scarring over blunted calyces

Front 38

Toxic ATN morphology

Back 38

Kidney red & swollen, Epi cells Flat, vacuolated in proximal tubule [distal tubule spared; in Ischemic ATN changes appear along length of tubule]

Front 39

WAGR

Back 39

Wilms tumor, Aniridia, GU malformations, mental-motor Retardation

Front 40

WBC casts in urine

Back 40

Acute pyelonephritis

Front 41

WBCs in urine, no casts

Back 41

Acute cystitis

Front 42

Waxy casts

Back 42

Chronic end-stage renal disease

Front 43

Which Glomerulonephritis is a/w HSP & Celiac Dz?

Back 43

Ig A nephropathy (Berger's Dz)

Front 44

Which Glomerulonephritis presents with "Tram-Track"?

Back 44

Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis [IgG, Cq1, C3 C4, BM splits, looks like a Tram-Track)

Front 45

Which kidney stones can't be seen on X-ray or CT?

Back 45

Uric Acid stones

Front 46

Wire-loop lesion in Glomerulonephritis

Back 46

SLE Nephritis

Front 47

“Lumpy-bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence

Back 47

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis

Front 48

“Tram-track” appearance on LM

Back 48

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Front 49

“Wire loop” appearance on LM

Back 49

Lupus nephropathy

Front 50

Alports syndrome presentation

Back 50

Presents in childhood as chronic hematuria, or during ESRD age 16-35

Front 51

Prehn's Sign

Back 51

Elevation of testicle: decr pain in Epididymitis, incr pain in torsion [NOT a reliable Dx test]

Front 52

Fanconi Syn S/Sx

Back 52

Osteomalacia/rickets [d/t Phosphate wasting], Failure to Thrive, Polyuria/Polydipsia [NOT anemia, Fanconi anemia is a different disease]

Front 53

Fanconi Syn Serum Labs

Back 53

Hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, metabolic acidosis

Front 54

Fanconi Syn Urine Labs

Back 54

Phosphaturia, glycosuria, proteinuria

Front 55

Which type RTA presents with hyperkalemia?

Back 55

RTA type 4 (Hypo-Aldosteronism)

Front 56

Acute Dialysis Indications

Back 56

Metabolic acidosis (severe), Encephalitis, Pericarditis, Aspirin od, Lithium od [ME PAL dialysis]

Front 57

Nephrotic Dx

Back 57

3.5g protein/day, HLD, Edema/Anasarca

Front 58

Hematuria workup

Back 58

UA, then U/S, then Cystoscopy and retrograde pyelography

Front 59

Renal Cell Carcinoma neoplastic syndromes

Back 59

Erythrocytosis, hypercalcemia, & FUO

Front 60

How does vomiting affect acid-base?

Back 60

hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis

Front 61

Acid-base changes seen in Asthma

Back 61

initially resp alkalosis from hyperventilation, shifts to resp acidosis once resp failure start [severe/prolonged asthma attack]

Front 62

Metabolic Alkalosis etiology

Back 62

Steroids, antacids, diuretics [metabolic alkalosis makes ppl SAD]

Front 63

Anion gap metabolic acidosis etiology

Back 63

Methanol, Uremia, DKA, Paraldehyde Iron, Isoniazid, Lactic acid, Ethanol/Ethylene Glycol, Salicylates [MUDPILES]

Front 64

NonAnion gap metabolic acidosis etiology

Back 64

Ureterostomy, Small bowel fistula, Extra Cl, Diarrhea, CA-I, RTAs, Adrenal insufficiency, Pancreatic fistulas [USED CRAP]

Front 65

Nephrolithiasis dx

Back 65

Non-contrast CT [U/S in pregnancy]

Front 66

Nephrotic Syn complications

Back 66

ARF (hypovolemia), thombosis (DVT & Renal Vein), infection

Front 67

Best test for evaluation of urethral injury

Back 67

Retrograde urethrogram

Front 68

Fournier's Gangrene etiology

Back 68

Necrosis of perineum d/t mixed aerobic/anaerobic infection usually in Male diabetics

Front 69

Fournier's Gangrene Tx

Back 69

Intravenous ABX, surgical debridement, and hyberbaric oxygen [>50% mortality rate]

Front 70

Stress Incontinence Etiology

Back 70

Loss of urethral sphincter tone due to Laxity of pelvic ligaments

Front 71

Stress Incontinence S/Sx

Back 71

Loss of urine with coughing, sneezing, exercise

Front 72

Stress Incontinence risk factors

Back 72

Obese/pregnant, Multipatiry, post-menopause, COPD/Smoking

Front 73

Stress Incontinence Dx

Back 73

Positive Q-tip test (>30 degrees), normal cystometry, normal post-void volume

Front 74

Stress Incontinence Tx

Back 74

Kegel exercises, E in PMS, Surgery [Urethropexy, Burch Sling, Vaginal tape repair]

Front 75

Urge Incontinence Etiology

Back 75

Detrussor Hyperactivity

Front 76

Urge Incontinence S/Sx

Back 76

Sudden urge with loss of urine [gotta go gotta go]

Front 77

Urge Incontinence risk factors

Back 77

MS, Parkinsons, Alzheimers, also long-term NSAIDs

Front 78

Urge Incontinence Dx

Back 78

Cystometry shows ABN detrussor contractions, normal post-residual volume

Front 79

Urge Incontinence Tx

Back 79

Oxybutynin or Tolterodine [anticholinergics], TCAs

Front 80

Overflow Incontinence Etiology

Back 80

Chronically distended bladder with overflow

Front 81

Overflow S/Sx

Back 81

Chronic urinary retention with loss of urine day & night

Front 82

Overflow Dx

Back 82

Post-residual volume increased

Front 83

Overflow Tx

Back 83

Bethanechol [cholinergic], Intermittent Self-cath

Front 84

ATN Dx

Back 84

Muddy casts, BUN:Cr ~10:1,UNa >40, UOsm < 350 (all signs of intrarenal failure)

Front 85

Urine Anion Gap

Back 85

Una-Uci (positive in diarrhea, negative vag in RTA's)

Front 86

RTA most a/w stones

Back 86

RTA I

Front 87

RTA I Dx

Back 87

IV NH4 CI (acid) to urine still basic (RTA I et:can't H+ in distal tubule)

Front 88

RTA resistant to bicarb

Back 88

RTA 2 (et: Inability to reabsorb bicarb in proximal tubule)

Front 89

Cryoglobulinemia Sx

Back 89

HCV Purpumic, skin lesions,joint pain, renal failure

Front 90

AIN Et

Back 90

ABX, Phenytoin, Allopurinol, Cyclosporine

Front 91

Wegener's Dx

Back 91

c-ANCA Biopsy

Front 92

RTA with hyperkalemia

Back 92

RTA 5

Front 93

Nephrotic Syn Dx

Back 93

24th urine >3.5g protein, Spot urine Protein:Cr>3.5:1, Renal Bx (to determine cause) (Hyperlipidemia & Hypoproteinemia are also seen)

Front 94

Electrolyte triangle with diarrhea

Back 94

bicarb, potassium, CI-

Front 95

RTA 5 Tx

Back 95

k+ retriction & diuretic, Fludrocortisone

Front 96

Vasculitis with neuropathy

Back 96

PAN

Front 97

Muddy Brown Casts

Back 97

ATN

Front 98

ATN et

Back 98

Hypoperfusion, Toxins: AGS, Ampho B, Contrast, Chemo/cisplatin

Front 99

RTA 5 et

Back 99

Decreased Aldosterone

Front 100

AIN Dx

Back 100

Serum Igt & tosinophilia,UA t Increased twice WBC's, Wright/Hansel's Strain increase urinary eosinophils

Front 101

AIN S/Sx

Back 101

Fever, Rash, Renal Failure

Front 102

Hematuria & Sinusitis

Back 102

Wegerner's

Front 103

Alport Syn Sx

Back 103

Renal Failure, Deafness, Eye disorders

Front 104

Cryoglobulinemia Tx

Back 104

Interferon & Ribauririn (Tx the HCV)

Front 105

RTA I tx

Back 105

Bicarb

Front 106

NonGap Met Acidosis et

Back 106

Diarrhea & RTA (+Urine Anion Gap in diarrhea, negative in RTA's UAG=Una positive negative UcI-

Front 107

Conn Syn Sx

Back 107

Decrease K+, increase pH, HTN

Front 108

Conn Syndrome Et

Back 108

Adrenal Tumor to increase Aldosterone

Front 109

Wegener's Tx

Back 109

Cyclosphasphamide steroids

Front 110

RTA 2 Tx

Back 110

Thiazide Diuretic & HIGH does Bicarb (RTA 2: Proximal tubule can't reasorb Bicarb)

Front 111

PAN Dx

Back 111

ESR, HBV & HCV (occ a/w PAN), Abd angiography with beading, Bx of Kidney or sural nerve (ANCA negative!)

Front 112

HCV & Renal Disorder

Back 112

Membranoproliferative (or cryoglobvlinemia)

Front 113

PAN Tx

Back 113

Cyclophosphamide & steroids