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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the most common cancers in children?
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Leukemia>CNS neoplasms>sarcoma>>carcinoma
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What are the most common cancers in adults?
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Carcinoma>leukemia/lymphoma>sarcoma
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Alcohol increases the risk of what types of cancers?
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Oropharynx, larynx, esophagus, liver
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Smoking increases the risk of what types of cancers?
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Lung/bronchus, mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, urinary bladder
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What AD syndrome has a 100% incidence of colon cancer by age 50?
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Familial adenomatous polyposis
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What AD syndrome is due to a mutation in a mismatch repair gene rather than a tumor suppressor gene?
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Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer syndrome
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AR cancer syndromes are usually due to a defect in what?
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DNA repair enzymes.
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Pap smear is an example of what type of lab diagnosis?
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Exfoliative cytology procurement
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Vimentin is typically found in what type of tissue?
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Mesenchymal
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Keratin is typically found in what type of tissue?
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Epithelial
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Desmin is typically found in what type of tissue?
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Muscular
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Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is typically found in what type of tissue?
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Glial
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Neurofilaments is typically found in what type of tissue?
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Neurons
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What are examples of immunohistochemical stains?
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Immunoperoxidase stains
Brown stain |
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Benign neoplasms a low or high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio?
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Low-they are not rapidly growing so the nucleus is not as big relative to malignant neoplasm
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A neoplasm comprises of what components?
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Parenchyma and stroma
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What is the parenchyma?
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Actual cell gone wrong-clonal proliferation of cell
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What is the stroma?
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Blood supply and framework of the tumor-consists of connective tissue and blood vessels, macrophages and lymphocytes
Not clonal |
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What is an example of a soft neoplasm?
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Burkitt's lymphoma
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What is a dense, collagenous stroma called?
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Desmoplasia
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What is a scirrhous neoplasm?
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Very hard neoplasm due to very dense stroma.
eg. Breast cancer |
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What is an example of a mixed tumor?
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Pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland
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What is a definite feature of benignity?
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Inability to metastasize (spread to other sites)
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What is the difference between choristoma and hamartoma?
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Choristoma is normal tissue but is not supposed to be where it is. (ie. pancreas tissue in stomach)
Hamartoma is a tissue that is found in normal place, but has abnormal architecture (ie. nodule in lung with cartilage, bronchi and vessels) |
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Most cancers occur in people over what age?
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55
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Cancer is the main cause of death in women and men, at what ages?
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Women: 40-79
Men: 60-79 |
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AD cancers usually involve a mutation in what type of gene?
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Tumor suppressor gene
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What are examples of AR cancer syndromes?
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Xeroderma pigmentosum
Bloom syndrome Ataxia-telangiectasia HNPCC-most common predisposition to cancer |
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Cancers that show familial clustering include:
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Breast
Ovary Colon Brain Skin |
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Diseases or conditions that are associated with an increased risk of cancer include:
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Crohn disease
Ulcerative colitis Helicobacter pylori gastritis Viral hepatitis Chronic pancreatitis |
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What are some examples of precancerous conditions?
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Chronic atrophic gastritis of pernicious anemia
Actinic keratosis/solar keratosis Chronic ulcerative colitis Leukoplakia (oral, vulvar, penile) |
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What are some benign neoplasms that can undergo malignant transformation?
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Leiomyoma
Pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland Villous adenoma (50%) |
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What are the features of familial cancers?
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Early age of onset
Multiple or bilateral tumors Tumors in 2 or more close relatives |
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What does grading of neoplasm refer to?
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Degree of differentiation
Low grade=well differentiated High grade=poorly differentiated |
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What does stage of neoplasm refer to?
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Extent of disease
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What does staging assess?
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Size of lesion
Extent of regional lymph node metastasis Extent of distant metastasis |
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In the TNM (tumor, node metastasis) system, which is the single most important prognostic factor?
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Metastasis
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Sarcomas will have what tissue markers?
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Vimentin
Desmin (if muscular) |
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Carcinoma will have what tissue markers?
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Keratin
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Lymphoma will have what tissue markers?
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Vimentin
LCA (CD45) (leukocyte common antigen) |
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Melanoma will have what tissue markers?
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Vimentin
HMB-45 (human melanoma black) |
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Astrocytoma will have what tissue markers?
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Vimentin
GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) |
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APC mutation
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Familial adenomatous polyposis
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P53 mutation is associated with what condition?
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Li Fraumeni syndrome
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Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis: underlying neoplasm
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Advanced cancers, especially mucinous CA
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What are some critical location effects of neoplasia?
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Pituitary-destruction can cause serious endocrinopathy
Endocrine-neoplasm can cause insufficiency of gland Gut-obstruction |
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Mediators involved in cancer cachexia.
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TNF
IL-1 IFN-gamma Leukemia inhibitory factor Proteolysis-inducing factor Lipid-mobilizing factor |
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What are the steps to process cassettes for histologic analysis?
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1. Fixation with 10% formalin
2. Dehydration with alcohol 3. Embedding in paraffin using xylene |
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A frozen section can provide a preliminary diagnosis within how many minutes?
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20
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How long does processing for cytological analysis take compared to histological analysis?
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Histological analysis-usually overnight
Cytological analysis-within a few hours |
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CD30 positive indicates what type of tumor?
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Embryonal CA (germ cell tumor)
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CD30 negative indicates what type of tumor?
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Yolk sac CA (testicular tumor in kids)
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What is the major cause of relapse in chemotherapy?
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Minimal residual disease
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What mutation can be detected to identify colon cancer relapse?
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K-RAS
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What types of cancer can be diagnosed used flow cytometry?
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Lymphoma and leukemia
*Sarcomas and carcinomas, the cells stick together |
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Acanthosis nigricans is only seen in the setting of cancer. True or false
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False-can be seen in genetic disorder present in childhood
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What is acanthosis nigricans?
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Velvety, hyperpigmentation/verrucous hyperkeratosis on skin esp. axilla or groin
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What is hypertrophic osteoarthropathy?
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Periosteal new bone formation at distal ends of long bones, metatarsals, metacarpals, proximal phalanges
Arthritis of adjacent joint Clubbing of digits |
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In what settings would you see clubbing of digits?
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Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
Liver disease Lung disease (eg. CF) Cyanotic congenital heart disease UC |
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What is seen in nephrotic syndrome?
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Proteinuria
Hypoalbuminemia Generalized edema Hyperlipidemia Lipiduria |
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What is the clinical presentation of immune complex glomerulonephritis?
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Proteinuria
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Radiation damage can resemble what type of cancer?
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Carcinoma
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Verrucous carcinoma can resemble what cancer?
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Benign squamous cell epithelial lesion
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