Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Adenoma
|
benign epithelial tumor arising in glands or forming glandular patterns
|
|
|
Cystadenoma
|
adenomas producing large cystic masses, typically in ovary
|
|
|
Papillomas
|
epithelial tumors forming microscopic or macroscopic finger-like projections
|
|
|
Polyp
|
tumor projecting from mucosa into lumen of hollow viscus
|
|
|
Carcinoma
|
malignant tumor arising from epithelial cell
|
|
|
Sarcoma
|
malignant tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues
|
|
|
Teratoma
|
made up of a variety of parenchymal cell types representative of more than one germ cell layer, usually in testes and ovary
|
|
|
Choristomas
|
ectopic rests of nontransformed tissue
|
|
|
Hamartomas
|
masses of disorganized tissue indigenous to particular site
|
|
|
Characteristics of anaplasia
|
-nuclear and cellular pleomorphism
-hyperchromasia -nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio approaching 1:1 -abundant mitoses -loss of polarity -tumor giant cells |
|
|
Dysplasia
|
disorderly but non-neoplastic growth, usually encountered in epithelia
|
|
|
All malignant tumors have capacity to metastasize except __?
|
basal cell carcinoma of the skin and tumors of the brain
|
|
|
Cancers more common in children
|
-hematopoietic (leukemia, lymphoma)
-neuroblastoma -Wilms tumor -retinoblastomas -sarcomas of bone and skeletal muscle |
|
|
Characteristics of tumor initiators?
|
-cause non-reversible DNA damage
-direct or indirect -highly reactive electrophiles -most metabolized by cytochrome P-450 |
|
|
Promoters of carcinogenesis?
|
-non-tumorigenic
-cause reversible cellular changes -induce cell proliferation |
|
|
DNA oncogenic viruses?
|
HPV
EBV HBV KSHV |
|
|
RNA oncogenic viruses?
|
HTLV-1
|
|
|
Tumors associated with EBV?
|
-Burkitt's lymphoma
-nasopharyngeal carcinoma -B cell lymphoma in immunosuppressed individuals -some cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma |
|
|
Latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) of EBV?
|
acts my mimicking action of CD40 molecule which is a key recipient of helper T-cell signals
|
|
|
How does EBV enter B-cells?
|
via CD21 molecule, once inside does NOT target any tumor suppressor genes
|
|
|
What is the tax gene?
|
essential for HTLV-1 viral replication, activates transcription of many host cell genes involved in proliferation and differentiation of T-cells
|
|
|
HTLV-1 is associated with which cancers?
|
T-cell leukemia/lymphoma endemic in Japan and Caribbean
|
|
|
Oncogene functions?
|
-growth factor
-growth factor receptors -signal transducing proteins -nuclear regulatory proteins -cell-cycle regulators -suppressors of apoptosis |
|
|
RET protooncogene associated with?
|
dominantly inherited MEN type IIA and IIB, familial medullary thyroid carcinoma and Hirschsprung disease
|
|
|
Which is the most common abnormality of dominant oncogenes in human tumors?
|
mutation of RAS - most commonly involved codons 12, 59, or 61.
found in 90% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas |
|
|
Which RAS mutations are generally associated with carcinomas, bladder tumors, and hematopoietic neoplasms repectively?
|
-carcinoma KRAS
-bladder HRAS -hematopoietic NRAS |
|
|
HERCEPTIN is used in treatment of what?
|
against breast tumors that overexpress HER-2/neu
|
|
|
What is an effective therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)?
|
imatinib mesylate - specifically targets fusion protein BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase
|
|
|
Some common tumors with MYC oncogene?
|
-dysregulations of MYC expression in Burkitt lymphoma
-amplification of MYC in breast, colon, and lung carcinomas -N-MYC amplification in neuroblastomas |
|
|
LiFraumeni syndrome?
|
inheritance of mutated p53 gene aka guardian of the genome, located on chromosome 17p13.1
|
|
|
p53 normal function?
|
cell-cycle arrest and initiation of apoptosis in response to DNA damage
|
|
|
Mutation in APC/Beta-catenin pathway?
|
develop adenomatous polyps in colon at young age which will subsequently become malignant tumors
|
|
|
INK4a/ARF locus?
|
association with familial melanomas
|
|
|
TGF-Beta pathway?
|
association with colonic carcinoma in patients with HNPCC
|
|
|
NF-1 gene in neurofibromatosis type 1?
|
neurofibromin protein is member of GTPase activating proteins
|
|
|
NF-2 gene in neurofibromatosis type 2?
|
merlin protein involved in establishing stable cell-to-cell junctions
(NF-2 connects 2 cells) |
|
|
VHL gene on chromosome 3?
|
association with familial and sporadic renal cell cancers
|
|
|
PTEN on chromosome 10q23?
|
association with endometrial carcinomas and glioblastomas
|
|
|
WT-1 gene on chromosome 11p13?
|
associated with Wilms tumor
|
|
|
WT-2 gene?
|
associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
(2 names in WT-2 syndrome) |
|
|
DCC gene on chromosome 18q21?
|
associated with colon and renal carcinomas
|
|
|
Cancers associated with cadherin family of genes?
|
breast
esophagus colon ovarian |
|
|
What is the prototypic anti-apoptotic gene?
|
BCL-2, overexpressed in B-cell follicular lymphomas
|
|
|
Which BCL-2 mutation is present in 85% of B-cell follicular lymphomas?
|
translocation - BCL-2 gene from 18q21 is translocated to immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus on 14q32
|
|
|
Which gene promoting apoptosis is upregulated by p53?
|
BAX
|
|
|
What is the hallmark of defective mismatch repair?
|
microsatellite instability
|
|
|
Hereditary nonpolyposis cancer syndrome (HNPCC) has a defect in which DNA repair mechanism?
|
mismatch repair genes
|
|
|
Xeroderma pigmentosum results from defects in what?
|
nucleotide excision repair pathway
|
|
|
What do the AR disorders ataxia-telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, and Fanconi anemia have in common?
|
defect in DNA repair by homologous recombination
|
|
|
BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 gene participate in what?
|
DNA repair by homologous recombination
|
|
|
How does neovascularization stimulate tumor growth?
|
secretion of growth factors such as PDGF
|
|
|
How do tumor blood vessels differ from normal vessels?
|
torturous and leaky, except in cases of vasculogenic mimicry
|
|
|
What is the angiogenic switch?
|
essential for tumor growth, involves increases production of angiogenic factors and loss of angiogenic inhibitors
|
|
|
What is the metastatic signature?
|
the combination of gene products that allow the completion of all the steps involved in metastasis
|
|
|
What are the two phases of the metastatic cascade?
|
-invasion of ECM
-vascular dissemination and homing of tumor cells |
|
|
Invasion of the ECM is an active process involving which steps?
|
-detachment of tumor cells from each other
-attachment to matrix components -degradation of ECM -migration of tumor cells |
|
|
In the metastatic process what are some adhesion molecules and enzymes that play an important role?
|
-laminin and fibronectin for invasion of ECM
-proteases (metalloproteinases) for ECM degradation -CD44 adhesion molecule for adhesion to endothelium at distant site |
|
|
What is a proposed metastatic suppressor gene?
|
NM23 (No Metastasis)
|
|
|
What are double minutes and homologous staining regions?
|
two patterns of gene amplification which may lead to oncogene overexpression
|
|
|
What are some genetic effects of methylation?
|
-genomic imprinting
-tumor suppressor gene inactivation by hypermethylation |
|
|
What is the difference between "gatekeeper" and "caretaker" genes?
|
-gatekeeper control growth (g&g)
-caretaker affect genomic stability -risk for malignancy higher with gatekeeper defects |
|
|
Common mechanisms tumors use to escape immune system?
|
-selective growth of antigen negative variants
-loss or reduced expression of MHC molecules -lack of co-stimulations -immunosuppression by tumor products (TGF-Beta) -antigen masking (by glycocalyx molecules) -apoptosis of cytotoxic T cells |
|
|
What is the mechanism of action of cancer cachexia?
|
soluble cytokines - TNF, IL-1, IFN-alpha
|
|
|
Paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome associated with what?
|
small cell type lung cancer
|
|
|
Hypercalcemia is most common paraneoplastic syndrome, what is it associated with?
|
squamous cell bronchogenic carcinoma most common lung cancer associated with hypercalcemia
|
|
|
Hypercalcemia resulting from bone metastases often associated with what?
|
breast, prostate, and renal cancers and multiple myeloma paracrine factors may also be involved
|
|
|
Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH) paraneoplastic syndrome associated with??
|
small cell lung cancer
|
|
|
What do Cushing's syndrome and SIADH have in common?
|
paraneoplastic endocrinopathies for small cell lung cancer
|
|
|
Ectopic adenocorticotropic hormone endocrinopathy associated with what cancer?
|
small cell lung cancer (Cushing's)
|
|
|
Neuromyopathic paraneoplastic syndromes present with?
|
-peripheral neuropathies
-corticocerebellar degeneration -myasthenic syndrome -polymyopathy -occur frequently in small cell lung cancer |
|
|
Paraneoplastic acanthosis nigricans associated with?
|
intra-abdominal malignancies
|
|
|
What is hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and which cancer is it associated with?
|
-periosteal new bone formation at distal end of long bones with arthritis and clubbing present
-associated with bronchogenic cancers -non cancer association with liver disease, lung disease, cyanotic heart disease |
|
|
Polycythemia paraneoplastic for?
|
renal cancer, cerebellar hemangioma, liver cancer
|
|
|
Carcinoid syndrome?
|
ileal carcinoid - flushing, diarrhea, can get elevated serotonin, histamine, and bradykinin when metastasize to liver
|
|
|
Trousseau's syndrome?
|
migratory phlebitis associated with pancreatic or lung cancer
|
|
|
Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis associated with?
|
advanced mucin-secreting adenocarcinomas
|
