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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type?
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metaplasia
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what if metaplasia persists?
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may induce cancer transformation in the metaplastic epithelium
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what are some exs of metaplasia?
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Columnar-to-squamous (lung, cervix)
Squamous-to-columnar (esophagus) |
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more or less likely to get cancer w/ barrett esophagus?
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more! it's a metaplastic change
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can metaplasia reverse?
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for the most part- no! exception: lung can revert back
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what type of cancer can develop from Barrett's esophagus?
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adenocarcinoma
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what are cells that have undergone proliferation and atypical cytologic alterations involving cell size, shape, and organization?
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dysplasia cells
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In models of neoplasia in many organs _________ is an antecedent of malignancy (both in-situ cancers and invasive tumors)
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dysplasia
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what is preinvasive stage of epithelial malignancy which exhibits the cytologic features of malignancy but has not yet invaded beyond the confines of the native basement membrane.?
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carcinoma in-situ
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what is The pathologic process that results in the formation and growth of a neoplasm?
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neoplasia
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what is “Abnormal growth that continues”?
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neoplasia
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what is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change?
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neoplasm
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what are exs of benign tumors?
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lipoma, fibroma, angioma, leiomyoma, rhabdomyoma, Schwannoma, neuroma, hepatoma
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what is A term applied to benign epithelial neoplasms that form glands, as well as to the tumors derived from glands but not necessarily reproducing glandular patterns.?
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adenoma
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what are these: cystadenoma, papillary cystadenoma, fibroadenoma exs of?
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adenoma
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what are exs. of malignant neoplasms?
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Carcinoma
Sarcoma Lymphoma Melanoma Mesothelioma Glioma |
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what is a Tumor with components from 2 or 3 germ cell layers?
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teratoma
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are teratomas in ovaries usually benign or malignant?
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usually benign
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are teratomas in testes usually benign or malignant?
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usually malignant (in adults)
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what are exs of benign tumors of mesenchymal origin?
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Fibroma
Lipoma Osteoma |
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what are exs of malignant tumors of mesenchymal origins?
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Fibrosarcoma
Liposarcoma Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma) |
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what are these? Leiomyoma
Rhabdomyoma |
benign tumors of muscle origin
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what are these? Leiomyosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma |
malignant tumors of muscle origin
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what are these:
Squamous cell papilloma Adenoma Tubular adenoma (adenomatous polyp) Fibroadenoma- breast |
benign Tumors of Epithelial Origin (Carcinomas)
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what are these:
Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Colon carcinoma (adenocarcinoma) Adenocarcinoma, (Ductal carcinoma) |
malignant Tumors of Epithelial Origin (Carcinomas)
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what is considered a hallmark of malignant transformation?
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anaplasia
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how differentiated is anaplasia?
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Lack of differentiation = undifferentiated
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what are the anaplastic features?
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Cellular/nuclear pleomorphism
- Increased nuclear-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio - Nuclear hyperchromasia (increased DNA content) - Large nucleoli |
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how differentiated are benign tumors?
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well-differentiated
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how differentiated are malignant neoplasms?
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well-differentiated to undifferentiated
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how do you grade differentiation?
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Well, moderately well, and undifferentiated (poorly differentiated or anaplastic)
Grade 1, 2, or 3 (or I, II, III) with 3 the least differentiated) |
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what are some Other Histologic Features of Malignant Neoplasms?
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Increased/atypical mitotic activity
Tumor giant cells Abnormal architecture- sheets or masses of tumor cells growing in an anarchic, disorganized fashion with infiltration and destruction of normal tissues. |
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what are Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin, derived from any of the three germ layers?
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carcinomas
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what are some carcinoma exs?
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Squamous cell carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma, Renal cell carcinoma
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what are Cancers arising within mesenchymal tissue?
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sarcomas
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what is the extent to which parenchymal cells resemble comparable normal cells, both morphologically and functionally?
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differentiation
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neoplasms differentiate in the direction of their ________ tissue.
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parent
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what's an ex of neoplasms differentiate in the direction of their parent tissue.
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Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is more common than squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in this site. Conversely, transitional cell carcinoma arising in the ovary and uterine cervix is quite unusual, though may occur
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the growth rate of tumors correlates with
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their level of differentiation, and thus most malignant tumors grow more rapidly than do benign lesions. High grade malignant tumors (Grade 3) are more aggressive
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Most benign tumors are well circumscribed, while cancers grow by ___________
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progressive infiltration, invasion, and destruction of the surrounding tissue.
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what types of tumors do you grade? stage?
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malignant tumors only
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how are tumors graded?
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Degree of differentiation and mitotic rate
Grades I-IV (higher grades are more anaplastic) |
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how are tumors staged?
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How far has the tumor spread?
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what tumors seed thru body cavities and surfaces?
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carcinoma, mesothelioma, and thymoma
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what is the initial route of spread for carcinomas?
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lymphatics
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what type of spreading is utilized by sarcomas and carcinomas?
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hematogenous spread
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how can a fibroadenoma of breast be described?
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Benign
No invasion No metastasis |
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how do you grade breast carcinoma?
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If lots of glands- 1
No glands-3 Regular nuclea- 1 Bizarre nuclei-3 No mitoses-1 Lots of mitoses- 3 III= worst diagnosis |
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what #s do grades I, II, and III have?
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Total score 3-5: Grade I
Total score 6,7: Grade II Total score 8,9: Grade III |
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how is breast cancer staged?
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Stage 0 (in situ or CIS): 5-year 92%
Stage I. (<2 cm & LN-): 5-year 87% Stage II. (2-5 cm & 0-3 LN+): 5-year 75% *Stage III. (>5 cm & >4 LN+): 5-year 46% Stage IV. Distant metastases: 5-year 13% |
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what is a stromal rxn or scarring rxn to malignant tumor; very common in breast : nipple might retract or dimple?
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desmoplasia
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if breast cancer is Estrogen receptor (+): tumor is stimulated by estrogen and can be treated with ___________-
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the “anti-estrogen” tamoxifen. This is palliation.
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if breast cancer is HER-2 Neu amplification: by immunostaining or FISH. If HER-2 Neu is amplified in the tumor, the patient can be treated with
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Herceptin. This is very expensive and tends to be used in high grade/high stage lesions that are HER-2 Neu positive.
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how helpful is grading in colon cancer?
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not really
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what good is staging cancer?
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predicts clinical outcome
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what are the odds for treating colon cancer if it hasn't penetrated muscularis mucosa?
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Tis: 100% cure rate
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what are the odds of treating colon cancer if Penetration of muscularis propria (and maybe serosa too) but lymph nodes negative?
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T3: 70% cure rate
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what are the odds of treating colon cancer if 1-3 (+) lymph nodes ?
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(N1); 30% cure rate
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what are the odds of treating colon cancer if Distant metastases ?
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(M1); rare cures
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which cancers show "ras" mutations?
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50% of colorectal carcinomas show “ras” mutations; 50% of adenomas > 1cm also show ras mutations
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what can be used to follow patients after surgery?
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CEA (carcinoembryonic Ag)
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Deeply infiltrating tumors in colon cancer cause
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desmoplasia (fibrosis) and “apple core/ napkin-ring” appearance. Desmoplasia is also seen in breast carcinoma
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what are tumor implants discontinuous with the
primary tumor? |
metastases
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METASTASIS unequivocally
marks a tumor as |
malignant
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do neoplasms metastasize?
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neoplasms do not metastasize.
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what is ectopic rest of ‘normal’ tissue. Normal tissue in an abnormal location. ?
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choristoma
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what is a Mass of disorganized but mature specialized cells or tissue indigenous to the particular site?
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hamartoma
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what are these exs of?
glial tissue in the tongue, breast tissue in the “milk line”, nodules of pancreas in the small bowel, and adrenal rests in the uterine broad ligament or spermatic cord |
choristoma
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what's this: a mass of benign cartilage with or without, blood vessels, adipose tissue, etc. x
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hamartoma
*hemangiomas are also called hamartomas |
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Can a benign tumor be result of dysplastic change?
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Never.
Dysplasia is a pre-malignant change, not pre-neoplastic change |
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what are hemangiomas?
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Purple/red bumps on ppl
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