Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is meant by Ionizing radiation?
|
Electromagnetic Ray - (Xrays & gamma-rays
Particulate Radiations - alpha & beta particles, protons & neutrons |
|
|
How do viruses cause carcinogenesis?
|
Viruses transformed into host cell & integrated into cell cycle
|
|
|
Name 3 viruses associated with cancer & which type of cancer
|
HPV - cervical cancer
Eptein-Barr - Burkitt's lymphoma, B-cell lymphomas Hep B,C & D - Liver cancer Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type I |
|
|
Which bacteria is associated with carcinogenesis?
|
Helicobactor Pylori - gastric lymphoma
|
|
|
Immune surveillance?
|
recognition & destruction of non-self tumor cells
|
|
|
TSAs?
|
Tumor-specific antigens
Present only on turmor cells and not on any normal cells EX: Prostate screening |
|
|
TAAs?
|
Tumor-associated antigens
Present on tumor cells and ALSO on some normal cells. Harder to recognize & treat |
|
|
Antitumor Effector Mechanisms?
|
Methods of immune system to kill off tumors
Cytotoxic T NK Macrophages Humoral mechanisms |
|
|
What are mechanisms for the tumor to escape immunosurveillance?
|
Selection outgrouth of antigen negative variants
Loss/reduced exp of HLA atigens Lack of costimulation Immuosuppression Apoptosis of cytotoxic Ts |
|
|
What is Cachexia?
|
Wasting syndrome that can associated with neoplasm (or HIV or several other things)
|
|
|
What is meant by "paraneoplastic syndromes?"
|
A group of signs/symptoms caused by factors produced by tumors.
Examples: Endocrinopathies, nerve/muscle syndromes, etc |
|
|
How are tumors graded?
|
Based on the degree of differentiation of tumor cells & number of mitoses within tumor
I-IV with increasing anaplasia |
|
|
What's an HLA?
|
Human MHC Antigen - markers for "self" on human cells. Used in Tissue typing.
|
|
|
Description of Grade I Neoplasm
|
Well-differentiated, tumor tissue closely resemebles tissue of origin
Few mitoses, little variation in size/shape of tumor cells |
|
|
Description of Grade II Neoplasm
|
Moderately differentiated, doesn't resemble tissue of origin as well.
Increased mitoses & increased variation in size/shape of tumor cells |
|
|
Description of Grade III & IV
|
Poorly differentiated, doesn't resemble tissue of origin
Many mitoses Large variation in size/shape of tumor cells |
|
|
How are tumors "staged"?
|
Based on size of primary tumor & it's extent of spread into regional lymph nodes & presence/absence of blood-borne metastases
|
|
|
What are the neoplastic stages?
|
TX, T0, Tis
T1, T2, T3, T4 |
|
|
Describe the TX tumor stage
|
Primary tumor can't be assessed - or tumor proven by presence of malignant cells in sputum/bronchial washings but can't be visualized by imaging/bronchoscopy
|
|
|
T0 - what does this tumor stage mean?
|
No evidence of primary tumor
|
|
|
Tis - what does this tumor stage mean?
|
Carcinoma in situ
|
|
|
What is the T staging system?
|
Part of Cancer staging system dealing with the primary *T* - size and how far it has invaded. Classified Tx (can't assess), T0 (No tumor) and T1-T4. Specifics on T staging are different for each type/location of primary tumor
|
|
|
Grading vs. Staging
|
Grading describes the how differentiated the tumor is.
Staging describes the primary tumor and how far it has spread |
|
|
What is the N staging system?
|
Part of the Cancer stage system dealing with lymph Nodes. NX - can't be assessed, N0 - no node metastasis. Goes thru N3 - Metasisis in nodes on both sides
|
|
|
What is the M staging system?
|
Part of Cancer staging system dealing with Metasisis
MX - can't be assessed M0 - no distant metastasis M1 - distant metatasis |
|
|
NOT FINISHED
Start at Slide 199, 7:35 |
aj;
|
|
|
How are cancers diagnosed cytologically?
|
Exfoliated cells (Sputum, urine, cdf, body cavity fluids)
Brushings/scrapings of epithelium FNA - Fine needle aspiration |
|
|
Hare are cancers diagnosed histologically?
|
Frozen section method
Paraffin section method Electron microscopy Immunoperoxidase techniques (Labeled Abs used to id marker Ags in tumors) |
|
|
Is cytological or histological diagnose definitive?
|
Histologic
|
|
|
What information is provided by pathological diagnosis?
|
Type
Biological behavior Histologic grade Degree of invasion/spread Pathologic stage |
|
|
How are cancers diagnosed via serum?
|
Detects secreted cancer products & Ag released by dead cancer cells
|
|
|
What is CEA?
|
Carcinoembryonic antigen - a substance tested for in serum for diagnoses or follow-up of:
GI, breast & lung cancer. (Can be elevelate in some non-cancerous states) |
|
|
What is AFP?
|
a-Fetoprotein found in serum
In Hepatoma, or yolk sac tumors |
|
|
What is HCG?
|
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin - greatl elevated in Choriocarcinom. Rarely elevated in other neoplasms
|
|
|
What is prostatic acid phosphatase & prostate-specific epithelian antigen?
|
2 different molecules that are elevated in metastatic prostate cancer
|
|
|
What is monoclonal immunoglobulin?
|
Ig detected in serum with Myelomas and some B cell lymphomas
|
|
|
Name4 Hormone tumor markers and assoc cancer (if any)
|
HCG - trophoblastic & non-seminomatous testicular
Calcitonis - Medullary carc of thyroid Catecholamines - Pheochromcytoma Ectopic hormones - Paraneoplastic syndromes |
|
|
Naem 3 Oncofetal Antigen tumor markers and assoc cancer (if any)
|
a-fetoprotein - lever cell, non seminomatous germ cell tumor of testis
Carcinoembryonic antigen - Colon, pancrease, lung, stomach & heart |
|
|
Name 2 isoenzyme tumor markers and assoc cancer (if any)
|
Prostatic acid phosphatase - prostate
Neuron-specific enolase - Small cell cancer of lung, neuroblastoma |
|
|
Name specific protein tumor markers and assoc cancer (if any)
|
IGs - multiple myeloma & other gammopathies
Prostate-specific & Pros-spec membrane Ags - Prostate CA-125 - Ovaria CA-19-9 - Colon & pancreatic CA-15-3 - Breast |
|
|
What are radiologic methods of cancer diagnosis?
|
Xray
CT MRI PET & "Many others" |
|
|
What are some of the therapies used for cancer?
|
Surgery
Radiation Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Radioimmunotherapy Bone Marrow Transplat |
