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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Shock
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inability of the body to adequately perfuse the whole body
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anasarca
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total body generalized edema
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effusions
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build up of fluid in a cavity
ex. pleural effusion (thorax) pericardial effusion hydrocephalus |
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hyperemia
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increased blood flow to an organ
blushing, erection arterial |
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congestion
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decreased blood flow from an organ
venous |
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Nutmeg liver
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blood pools in the liver as the heart dies
an example of congestion |
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hematoma
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enough blood in the tissue to create a palpable mass
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Purpura
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hemorrhage in the tissues 3-10 mm
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Ecchymoses
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hemorrhage in the tissues > 10 mm
i.e. a bruise |
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Petechiae
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hemorrhage in the tissues < 3 mm
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hemoptysis
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bleeding from the trachea
coughing up blood |
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hematemesis
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vomiting blood
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hematochezia
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bright red blood out the rectum
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melena
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black, tarry, partially-digested blood out of the rectum
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How much blood can you lose at once?
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10% - blood donation
20% - a little sick 40% - hypovolemic shock |
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Virchow's Triad
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1. injured endothelium
2. alterations in normal blood flow (turbulence) 3. Hypercoagulable blood |
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Lines of Zahn
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thrombi that formed before death will have these! That is how you different ante- vs. post-mortem thrombi
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Mural thrombi
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walls of the cardiac chambers and aorta.
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Vegetations
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thrombi that occur on cardiac valves (usually loaded with bacteria)
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Milk leg
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venous thrombosis in later preganancy or after delivery
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Trousseau's sign
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widespread venous thrombosis
*in patients with cancer of the pancreas* |
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Embolus
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any solid, liquid, or gaseous thing (other than blood) that travels along the bloodstream and will impact and lodge somewhere
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Paradoxical embolus
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an embolus that comes from the systemic veins that passes through a cardiac shunt (birth defect) to occlude a systemic artery
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Amniotic fluid emboli
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Amniotic fluid enters systemic circulation, can lead to DIC
pathologist find squamous cells |
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if you think your patient has an acute air embolus
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roll him onto left side so that the gas will pool safely in his right atrium
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Bone marrow emboli
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routine autopsy finding following vigorous CPR (fractured ribs)
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Cryoglobulins
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Ab aggregate causing infarction
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White infarcts
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Arterial insufficiency
Not reperfused Single blood supply Ex: kidney, heart, speen, brain |
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Red infarcts
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Venous insufficiency
Reperfused Dual Blood supply Ex. Brain, lung, artery, liver, testicle |
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Compensated shock
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your body is dealing with it
prioritize organs cold, pale, clamy Can come out of it on their own |
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Progressive shock
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organ failure
irreversible on its own, need clinical intervention lactic acidosis ARDS |
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Watershed infarcts
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necrosis at the places farthest from the arterial supply
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Werdnig-hoffman disease
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floppy baby syndrome
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kugelberg-welander
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forme fruste of werdnig-hoffman
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Just not trying in gym class
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think:
muscular dytstrophies McArdle's |
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Duchenne's
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lack of dystrophin
pseudohypertrophy of the calves Gower's sign |
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Becker's muscular dystrophy
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dystrophin is present, just less effective
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Myotonic dystrophy
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"Steinart's disease"
Carp mouth Ring fibers Central nuclei |
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Facioscapulohumeral dystrophy
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winged scapuli
Poor muscle tone |
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Pompe's disease
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glycogen storage problem in cardiac
Floppy babies with big hearts |
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McArdle's disease
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glycogen storage problem in the muscle
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Mitochondrial myopathies
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parking lot crystals
ragged red fibers |
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myositis ossificans
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endochondral bone formation occurs within the muscular CT
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common primary bone cancers
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osteosarcoma, ewing's sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and malignant giant cell tumor
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Bone tumors arising from diaphysis
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enchondromas, some chondrosarcomas, Ewing's
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Bone tumors arising from epiphysis
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chondroblastomas, giant cell tumors
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Punched out lesions of the bone is indicative of
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Plasma cell myeloma
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