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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the major pathologic change and the affected anatomic site in asthma?
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smooth muscle hyperplasia with excess mucus production and inflammation
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what is acute lung injury (ALI) defined by?
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abrupt onset of significant hypoxemia und diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in the abscence of cardiac failure
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what is acute lung injury (ALI) also called?
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noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
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what are terms subsummarised under acute lung injury (ALI)?
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ARDS and acute interstitial pneumonia
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what is ARDS?
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severe acute lung injury (ALI)
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what is acute interstitial pneumonia?
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acute lung injury (ALI) in the abscence of any etiologic association
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what pathophysiologic trias of acute lung injury (ALI)?
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inflammation-associated increase in pulmonary vasculature permeability and epithelial and endothelial cell death
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what is the histologic manifestation of acute lung injury (ALI)?
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diffuse alveolar damage (DAD)
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what are the phases in acute lung injury (ALI)?
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acute or exsudative phase
organizing or proliferative phase |
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what are the macroscopic features in acute lung injury (ALI)?
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lungs are heavy, firm, red and boggy
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what are the microscopic features in acute lung injury (ALI) in the acute stages?
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earliest stages with interstitial and intra-alveolar edema followed by eosinophilic hyaline membranes that are adherent to the alveolar walls
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what are the microscopic features in acute lung injury (ALI) in the organizing stages?
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prominent proliferation of type II cells and granulation tissue response, then either resolve of the granulation tissue or interstitial fibrosis
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what are the types of (acquired) atelectasis?
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resorption or obstruction atelectasis
compression atelectasis contraction atelectasis |
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what is the principal cause of resorption atelectasis?
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excessive secretions or exudates within smaller bronchi
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what are states in which resorption atelectasis is found?
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bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis
postoperative states, aspiration of foreign bodes rarely bronchial neoplasms |
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what are the causes of compressive atelectasis?
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partial or complete filling of pleural cavity by fluid, tumor, blood or air
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what are the two principal classification of pulmonary edema?
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hemodynamic disturbances or microvascular injury
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what are the three principal causes of hemodynamic pulmonary edema?
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increased hydrostatic pressure
decreased oncotic pressure lymphatic obstruction |
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which disorders cause increased hydrostatic pressure in hemodynamic pulmonary edema?
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left-sided heart failure, volume overload, pulmonary vein obstruction
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which disorders cause decreased oncotic pressure in hemodynamic pulmonary edema?
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think kidney, liver, GIT
increased loss in nephrotic syndrome and protein-losing enteropathies decreased production and or increased loss in hypoalbuminemia |
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what are drugs potentially leading to microvascular damage and pulmonary edema?
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chemotherapeutic agents (eg bleomycin), amphotericin B (AmBisome, Fungizone), heroine!
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what are the pathways of lymphatic drainage of the lung?
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lymph drainage from subpleural regions along interlobular and intersegmental connective tissue to hilum
lymph channel in peribronchial connective tissue along bronchi to hilum |
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what is a unsual feature of the lymphatic drainage of the lung?
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carinal nodes collect lymph from the left lower lober but drain into RIGHT tracheobronchial lymph nodes, thus a suspicious-appearing lymph node in the right hilar region should prompt evaluation of the left lower lobe and the right lung
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