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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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LAB 1
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ADAPTATION
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Agenesis
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Complete absence of an organ or its anlage.
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Anthracosis
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Accumulation of carbon pigment (dust) in tissues.
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Apoptosis
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A form of cell death which is endogenously controlled or "programmed" in order to minimize the host inflammatory reaction to the necrotic cell. It is characterized by intracellular activation of endonucleases that digest nuclear DNA into smaller fragments. Physiologically, this type of cell death results in tissue retrogression observed during embryogenesis or after withdrawal of hormonal stimulation. Morphologically, apoptosis is recognized as death of single or scattered cells which form rounded, eosinophilic membrane-bound bodies (apoptotic bodies) and contain fragmented nuclear material. In virus infections, a similar type of cell death may occur and apoptotic liver cells are sometimes referred to as "Councilman bodies."
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Atherosclerosis
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Accumulation of fat and connective tissue within the wall of arteries, often causing progressive narrowing of the lumen and decreased blood flow to tissues.
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Atrophy
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Shrinkage in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance. The term is also used for a reduction in size of an organ due to loss of cells.
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Autolysis
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"Self-destruction" of normal tissue after death, produced by release of lysosomal or digestive enzymes.
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Caseous necrosis
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Conversion of necrotic cells to an amorphous mass grossly resembling cream cheese. Histologically, appears as amorphous granular debris composed of fragmented coagulated cells. Encountered most often in tuberculosis.
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Cirrhosis
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Liver disease characterized pathologically by loss of normal microscopic lobular architecture with fibrosis and nodular regeneration.
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Coagulative necrosis
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Conversion of the cell to an acidophilic, opaque structure with preservation of the basic cellular shape and outline.
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Cushing's syndrome
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A constellation of clinical findings caused by excessive blood levels of glucocorticosteroid hormones.
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Denervation
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Disruption of normal neural supply, due to traumatic or degenerative damage to the peripheral nerve or central nervous system motor neurons.
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Diabetes mellitus
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A disorder of carbohydrate metabolism, caused by relative or absolute deficiency of insulin and associated with damage to many organs and accelerated atherosclerosis.
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Dystrophic calcification
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Deposition of calcium (and phosphate) in abnormal, damaged or necrotic tissues. Serum levels of calcium and phosphate usually normal.
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Edema
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Abnormal accumulation of fluid within the interstitium of an organ, tissue or body cavity. This often leads to an increase in tissue or organ volume and weight.
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Enzymatic fat necrosis
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Caused by escape of pancreatic lipase into fat tissue. Released fatty acids combine with calcium to create calcium soaps.
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Eosinophilic
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Areas of a cell or tissue that stain with eosin, a rose-colored dye. This dye usually stains the cytoplasm of a cell.
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Fatty change
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A reversible accumulation of fat within parenchymal cells, usually liver (fat vacuoles within cells).
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Ferritin
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An iron-protein (apoferritin) complex. Chief form of intracellular iron storage present in many types of cells.
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Fibrinoid necrosis
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Conversion of necrotic tissue to an amorphous, fibrillar eosinophilic mass that resembles fibrin.
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Gangrenous necrosis
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Not a specific form of necrosis. Term used clinically to describe necrosis of tissue in an extremity.
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Dry gangrene
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Tissue appears black grossly; not accompanied by bacterial infection.
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Wet gangrene
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Necrotic tissue secondarily invaded by bacteria, resulting in liquefactive necrosis.
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Hematoxyphilic
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Areas of a cell or tissue that stain with hematoxylin, a blue-purple crystalline stain. This stain usually stains the nucleus of a cell or leaked DNA.
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Hemochromatosis
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Excess accumulation of parenchymal cell iron associated with damage of multiple tissues or organs.
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Hemorrhage
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Leakage of blood from a blood vessel.
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Hemosiderin
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Aggregates of ferritin, found only in reticuloendothelial cells under normal conditions.
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Hemosiderosis
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Accumulation of iron in tissue parenchyma or macrophages (siderophages) often secondary to local bleeding or congestion. This accumulation does not cause tissue damage.
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Hyaline change
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Denatured proteins that appear homogenous and pink in H&E stained tissue sections.
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Hyperplasia
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An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.
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Hypertrophy
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An increase in the size of cells in an organ or tissue.
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Hypoplasia
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Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue.
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Hypoxemia
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Critical decrease in oxygenation of the blood (= hypoxia).
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Infarct
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A localized area of tissue necrosis, caused by interruption to blood supply.
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Ischemia
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Deficiency of blood supply to a tissue or organ usually due to functional constriction or anatomic obstruction of a blood vessel.
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Karyolysis
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Dissolution of the nucleus as the result of the hydrolytic action of DNAse of lysosomal origin.
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Karyorrhexis
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Dissolution of the nucleus characterized by its breaking up into small basophilic clumps.
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Lipofuscin
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A dust-like golden brown pigment formed by lipid-protein complexes which represents fatty breakdown products of cells resulting from cell necrosis or involution.
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Liquefactive necrosis
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Tissue becomes softened and liquefied leaving a cavity.
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Metaplasia
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A change from one mature type of tissue to another usually on mucosal surfaces, e.g., squamous metaplasia normal mucosa changes to squamous epithelium. Due to stress. Potentially reversible. Metaplastic cells more resistant to stress but less specialized for that site.
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Metastatic calcification
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Deposition of calcium (and phosphate) in previously normal tissues resulting from blood concentrations of calcium and/or phosphate exceeding solubility product.
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Pyknosis
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Shrinkage of the nucleus to a small, dense, wrinkled mass of tightly packed chromatin.
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Regeneration
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Regrowth of normal tissue. Only labile cells and stable cells regenerate; regeneration does not occur in permanent cells.
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Torsion
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A mobile organ twists obstructing its blood supply and/or drainage.
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Transferrin
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A serum glycoprotein that binds and transports iron (Fe).
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LAB 2
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ACUTE INFLAMMATION - GENERAL
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Abscess
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a localized collection of neutrophils and necrotic debris (pus) in a cavity.
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Acute inflammation
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immediate response to injury characterized by vasodilatation, increased capillary permeability, presence of an exudate and emigration of leukocytes (mostly neutrophils). Clinically: calor, rubor, tumor, dolor, and loss of function. Atherosclerosis accumulation of fat and connective tissue within the wall of arteries, often causing progressive narrowing of the lumen and decreased blood flow to tissues.
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Blood
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The fluid in the circulatory system
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Congestion (hyperemia)
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increase in the volume of blood in blood vessels of tissue or organ due to impaired venous drainage.
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Consolidation
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air spaces of lung filled with inflammatory exudate, giving lung a solid, rather than spongy, appearance.
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Cytokine
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a hormone-like mediator produced by inflammatory cells.
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Edema
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the accumulation of excess fluid in the intercellular (interstitial) tissue spaces or body cavities.
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Effusion
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An exudate or transudate that has passed into a part or tissue.
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Expectoration
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cough which produces sputum, typically a purulent exudate.
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Exudate
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protein-rich fluid, often containing inflammatory cells and cellular debris
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Fibrinous exudate
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An exudate containing a large amount of fibrin. It is usually found upon inflammation of serosal or mucosal surfaces.
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Filtrate
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A liquid that passes through a filter, e.g the glomerular membranes.
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Left shift
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An increase in the relative percentage of "less than mature" granulocytes (band forms or earlier WBC precursors).
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Leukemoid reaction
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Excessively high white cell counts (between 25,000 and 50,000, normal 5,000- 11,000) with "left shift," that mimics the blood picture of leukemia. Occurs in severe infection, severe toxic states, and other conditions. Usually, with infection, the increased white cell count is about 15,000.
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Meningitis
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inflammation of the meninges.
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Plasma
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Fluid portion of the blood in which the particulate components are suspended.
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Pus (= purulent exudate)
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An exudate containing large numbers of viable and dead neutrophils.
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Pyogenic
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producing pus
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Serositis
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an inflammation of the serosa of an organ; may have any type of exudate associated with it.
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Serous exudate
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an exudate virtually devoid of inflammatory cells or fibrin; resembles the appearance of serum.
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Serum
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Cellular free portion of blood from which fibrinogen has been separated.
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Suppuration
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inflammation resulting in the formation of pus.
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Transudate
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An ultrafiltrate of blood plasma that has passed from within blood vessels into tissues due to a change in hydrostatic pressure.
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Vascular permeability
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normally, only water and salt leave vessels; altered permeability, due to endothelial cell contraction or damage, causes leakage of larger compounds such as proteins and cells.
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Vasodilation
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the relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle causes increased blood flow.
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ACUTE INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS
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Cytokines and Inflammatory Mediators
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For each of the most important mediators, the most common cell of origin is given along with its most significant biologic actions.
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Bradykinin
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Polypeptide produced by action of Hageman factor and kallikrein; increases vascular permeability; also causes pain.
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C3a
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A complement cleavage product ("byproduct" of cell attack sequence); increases vascular permeability. Also called "anaphylatoxin," because C3a stimulate histamine release from mast cells.
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C3b
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Remains attached to cells, activates the cell attack sequence of complement which leads to cell lysis; also the most important opsonin.
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C5a
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A complement cleavage product; increases vascular permeability and is a strong chemoattractant for neutrophils. Also called "anaphylatoxin," because C5a stimulates histamine release from mast cells.
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Chemotaxis - the migration of a cell in response to a chemical compound; (a compound causing chemotaxis is called a chemoattractant)
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Histamine
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preformed inflammatory mediator; stored in mast cell and platelet granules, causes increased vascular permeability.
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Interleukin 1 (IL-1)
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Produced by monocytes/macrophages, as well as many other cells; acts locally (chemotactic, stimulates macrophages, stimulates T-cell IL-2 production, B-cell maturation) and systemically (induces fever, acute phase reactant proteins, and neutrophil release from bone marrow).
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Interleukin 2 (IL-2)
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Produced by activated T-cells in response to antigen. Stimulates IL-2 receptor expression on T-cells, inducing T-cell activation. Also stimulates production of interferon
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Interferon
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a family of polypeptides produced by several different cell types, stimulated by infection or immune response. Increases type II antigen expression on cells, making them capable of presenting antigen to T-cells; have antiviral properties; render tumor cells more susceptible to attack by immune system; in general, inhibit lymphocyte responses.
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Leukotriene
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produced as a breakdown product of cell phospholipids by lipoxygenase pathway (production not inhibited by aspirin). In inflammation, most potent at increasing vascular permeability, but active relatively late; also chemotactic for neutrophils.
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Opsonin
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a compound that attaches to a foreign cell, such as a bacterium, and makes it more susceptible to a phagocytic cell.
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Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)
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a phospholipid released from inflammatory cells of various types; activates release of enzymes from polymorphonuclear cell. Also causes platelet aggregation.
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Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
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released during platelet aggregation; promotes activation and migration of monocytes and stimulates fibroblast growth to promote healing.
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Prostaglandins
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produced as a breakdown product of cell phospholipids by cyclooxygenase pathway (production inhibited by aspirin). In inflammation, causes pain increases vascular permeability, and causes vasodilatation, but not as potent as leukotrienes; contributes to fever.
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Thromboxane
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produced in platelets as a breakdown product of cell phospholipids by cyclooxygenase pathway (production inhibited by aspirin). In inflammation, causes platelet aggregation and adhesion vasoconstriction.
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Transforming growth factor (TGF)
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produced by platelets, macrophages and lymphocytes; deactivates macrophages, healing of tissue damage, and inhibits proliferation of lymphocytes (which may produce more damage).
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Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
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Produced by monocytes; causes toxic damage to tumor cells, also has many of the effects of IL-1, and increases production of free radicals by neutrophils and activation of eosinophils. It is responsible for many of the signs and symptoms of septic shock.
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IMMUNE REACTIONS IN RELATION TO INFLAMMATION
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Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
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one of the type II hypersensitivity reactions. Leukocytes become attached to the antibody- coated target cells and cause cell lysis without phagocytosis.
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Antigen/antibody complex
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A combination of antigen and antibody; when both are present in about equal amounts, these complexes are poorly soluble and often precipitate in tissue.
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Autoimmune reaction/disease
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a phenomenon in which the body develops an immune reaction that is directed against its own tissues or organs.
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Complement
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a series of proteins, activated by aggregated antibody, bacteria, or cell-attached antibody, which through a defined sequence of reactions form a complex which damages cell membranes, leading to cell lysis, or releases bioactive complement fragments.
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Hypersensitivity
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a relative term, in which an individual shows evidence of response to a stimulus greater than that of the average person. Used as a synonym for several types of immunologic responses.
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Type I hypersensitivity (immediate or anaphylaxis hypersensitivity)
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caused by interaction between an allergen and IgE antibodies attached to a mast cell, leading to release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators. Characterized by anaphylactic shock (hives, laryngeal edema) in severe cases, allergic symptoms in milder cases.
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Type II hypersensitivity (cytotoxic hypersensitivity)
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Caused by antibody attachment to cells. This may lead to complement activation, ҫiller cellӠresponse or in some cases inhibition or stimulation of cell function due to interaction of antibody with a cellular receptor.
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Type III hypersensitivity (immune complex hypersensitivity)
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Antigen and antibody produce insoluble complexes that deposit in tissues and incite an inflammatory response.
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Type IV hypersensitivity (delayed hypersensitivity)
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caused by interaction between an antigen and T-lymphocytes only; no antibody response present. In some cases, where antigen not destroyed by response, results in granuloma formation.
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CHRONIC INFLAMMATION/HEALING AND REPAIR PROCESSES
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Chronic inflammation
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Inflammation of prolonged duration or slow progress marked histologically by an infiltration of mononuclear cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells), often with proliferation of fibroblasts and fibrosis.
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Chronic Pyelonephritis
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Chronic inflammation of the kidney involving the tubules and interstitium which results in scarring.
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Crohn Disease
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A recurrent granulomatous and chronic inflammatory disorder that usually affects the terminal ileum or colon, but may occur at any level in the G.I. tract, resulting in extensive scarring and abnormal connections between adjacent parts of the bowel (fistulae).
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Diverticulitis
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trapping of fecal material within the diverticular pouch leads to bacterial overgrowth which provokes an inflammatory response.
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Diverticulosis
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a colonic disease associated with increasing age in which small pockets of mucosa protrude through the muscular wall.
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Giant cells
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fused macrophages with very large cytoplasm and multiple nuclei, of two major types: 1) Langhans giant cells with a horseshoe arrangement of nuclei; 2) Foreign body giant cells with a clustered or random arrangement of nuclei.
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Granulation tissue
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so called because grossly, under the scab, it has a granular appearance; characterized by ingrowth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and scar tissue (myofibroblasts)
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Granuloma
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A specific form of chronic inflammatory response to antigens that cannot be eliminated during the acute inflammatory response; characterized histologically by collections of modified macrophages called "epithelioid cells" (because they resemble epithelial cells), usually surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes.
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Healing by primary intention
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healing, following surgical closure, of a wound where the edges are brought into apposition, therefore only minimum amount of scar formation occurs.
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Healing by secondary intention
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healing, without the intervention of a surgeon, of a large open wound, leading to extensive scarring.
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Keloid
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an exaggerated form of scar that protrudes upward from the skin. Characterized by the presence of dense connective tissue.
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Miliary
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multiple minute deposits that resemble "millet seeds."
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Scar
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A collection of collagen that is the end result of repair of an injury.
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Ulcer
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A local tissue defect, or excavation involving the epithelial surface of an organ or tissue.
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LAB 3
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HEMODYNAMICS
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Atherosclerosis
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Accumulation of fat and connective tissue within the intima of arteries, often causing progressive narrowing of the lumen and decreased blood flow to tissues.
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Congestion
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Accumulation of blood within an organ due to venous stasis.
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Deep vein thrombosis
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Typically occurs in the deep veins. These thrombi are usually loosely attached and thus easily dislodged.
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Edema
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The accumulation of excess fluid in the intercellular (interstitial) tissue spaces or body cavities.
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Embolus
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A detached mass within the blood stream that travels from its site of origin to lodge in a distant vessel. These may be solid (thrombo emboli, bone marrow emboli, fat emboli), liquid (amniotic fluid), or gaseous (air embolism, decompression nitrogen emboli).
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Heart failure
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Inability of the heart to produce a high enough cardiac output to meet the body's needs. Right heart failure leads to edema and congestion in tissues drained by the vena cava (liver, spleen, & lower extremities). Left heart failure leads to edema and congestion in the lungs.
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Heart failure cells
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Hemosiderin containing macrophages within alveolar spaces caused by microscopic or macroscopic hemorrhage.
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Hyperemia
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Accumulation of blood within dilated arteries.
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Infarct or infarction
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A localized area of ischemic necrosis resulting from obstruction of the arterial supply (or less commonly venous drainage). White (anemic) infarcts develop in mostly in solid organs that do not have collateral circulation (spleen, heart, kidney) following an acute arterial occlusion. Red (hemorrhagic) infarcts develop in organs whose vasculature is in a pedicle, where venous compression can occur due to twisting (gonads, intestine), organs with a dual blood supply (lung), organs that contain great amount of loose tissue and previously congested organs that undergo ischemia of arterial origin. A brain infarct is a special case. The typical brain infarct is first an anemic infarct, that later undergoes liquefaction. When the occluded vessel reopens (re-perfusion), an hemorrhagic infarct ensues.
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Adenocarcinoma
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A carcinoma with a glandular growth pattern - it is common to specify the organ of origin, e.g. renal cell adenocarcinoma.
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Adenoma
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A benign neoplasia made up of cells forming glands
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Anaplasia
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refers to a lack of differentiation in neoplastic cells.
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Atypia (Atypical)
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This imprecise term is often used loosely to refer to any cell or growth pattern which is neoplastic, dysplastic or shows any features suggestive of a neoplastic or pre-neoplastic process - in diagnostic cytopathology it more precisely denotes cells which show features suggestive of dysplasia but which do not exhibit all of the specific criteria- pathologists sometimes call lesions with such cells Ңorderlineӯr ҷorrisome.Ӽbr /> Benign- Refers to lack of harm: a neoplasia lacking the ability to do damage by local invasion or metastasis.
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Borderline (worrisome) lesion
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Pathologists' term for a lesion that shows atypical cells or growth pattern suspicious of a dysplastic or neoplastic process.
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Cancer
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Currently used as a lay and medical synonym for any malignant neoplasm. Previously used as a more specific medical synonym for carcinoma.
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Carcinoid
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A neoplasm with neuroendocrine characteristics, usually arising from epithelium in the lung or GI tract, but can be found in other locations.
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Carcinoma
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A malignant neoplasm deriving from epithelial stem cells - it is common practice to specify the tissue of origin (e.g. adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma).
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Carcinoma in situ
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A non-invasive proliferation of malignant epithelial cells which within the confines of mucosa (i.e. has not penetrated the basement membrane).
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Choristoma
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Groupings of microscopically normal cells or tissues that are present in abnormal locations (e.g., a rest of pancreatic tissue found in the wall of the stomach or a rest of adrenal cells in the kidney).
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CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)
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See dysplasia.
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Cystadenoma
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A benign epithelial neoplasm that forms large cystic spaces.
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Desmoplasia
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Proliferation of normal fibrous tissue in response to growth factors produced by neoplastic cells.
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