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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pathogen
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any disease producing microorganism
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epidemiology
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the frequency and distribution of a disease
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etiology
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the study of the cause of disease
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pathogenesis
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the study of the development of a disease
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condyloma acuminatum
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common cervical lesion caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV)
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e. coli
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most common cause of pyelonephritis and urinary tract infections
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hernia
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loops of small bowel passing through an unintended opening
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stenosis
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an incomplete stricture that narrows but does not occlude the lumen
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volvulus
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a segment of the bowel that twists on its mesentery
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atresia
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the absence of a lumen in a section of the gut tube
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diverticulum
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an acquired herniation of the mucosa and submucosa through the muscular layer of the gut
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intussusception
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telescoping of the bowel into itself
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reflux
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regurgitation of gastric contents
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cirrhosis
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progressive fibrosis that ultimately destroys the liver
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achalasia
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the absence of peristalsis within the esophagus
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emphysema
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enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles with destruction of lung parenchyma
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rheumatoid arthritis
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a slow, chronic inflammatory degeneration of articular cartilage
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asthma
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episodic reversible bronchospasm accompanied by bronchial inflammation
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croup
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an infection of the larynx
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vascular low back pain
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low back pain triggered by an aneurysm
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pneumonia
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a respiratory disease that occurs most often as a complication of another illness
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pneumothorax
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presence of air in the pleural cavity
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chronic bronchitis
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a chronic productive cough with no discernible cause for more than 3 months for 2 consecutive years
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osteoporosis
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pathology where the bones of the body have a reduction in bone mass while keeping the normal ratio of mineral to matrix
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atelectasis
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a collapsed lung or bronchial tube
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lordosis
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an exaggerated lumbar curve
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raynaud disease
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paroxysmal pallor or cyanosis of the hands and feet
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hypertension
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most often the result of an imbalance between cardiac output and total peripheral resistance
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congestive heart failure
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a disease resulting from the heart's inability to eject and adequate amount of blood
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myasthenia gravis
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an acquired autoimmune disease characterized by abnormal fatigability of skeletal muscle
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leukemia
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a disease of the blood marked by a proliferation of nonfunctional white blood cells
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chondromalacia
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a type of osteoarthritis that affects the patellar cartilage in young people
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anemia
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a disease that reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
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atherosclerosis
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a disease of blood vessels characterized by the narrowing and weakening of arteries
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paget's disease
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a pathology of bone formation characterized by a thickening and disorganization of bone architecture
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varicose vein
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an abnormally dilated and tortuous vein produced by increased intraluminal pressure
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angina pectoris
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a disorder characterized by intermittent chest pain
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how bacteria multiplies
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by binary fission
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hemophilia
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a bleeding disorder
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granulocytopenia
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a condition of the blood characterized by an abnormally low number of white blood cells
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type I diabetes
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the form of diabetes that results from the autoimmune destruction of the beta cells within the Islets of Langerhans
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pathogenicity
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the ability of the infectious agent to establish itself in a host and cause disease
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cretinism
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decreased secretion of thyroid hormone in children
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agonists
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drugs that enhance a specific cell function
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cushing's syndrome
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excess secretion of adrenocortical hormones
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thyrotoxicosis
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increased secretion of thyroid hormones in adults
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obesity
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when food derived energy chronically exceeds energy expenditure
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grave's disease
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disease marked by exopthalmus, the protrusion of the eyeballs
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paraplegia
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loss of sensory and motor function in the lower extremities
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impetigo
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common bacterial infection of the epidermis
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cerebrovascular accident
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an interruption in the delivery of oxygen to the brain
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multiple sclerosis
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the most common demyelinating disease of the CNS
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scabies
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a contagious disease caused by mites
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meningioma
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encapsulated neoplasm arising outside the brain substance and attaching to the dura
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alzheimer's disease
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the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, most often occurring after age 50 with increased incidence as age increases, unknown etiology
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ultraviolet light
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the most important carcinogenic agent in most cutaneous cancer
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concussion
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a transient loss of cerebral function that immediately follows as head injury
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migraine
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a headache that is sometimes preceded by sensory hallucinations
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cellulitis
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a rapidly spreading acute inflammation of subcutaneous tissue
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parkinsonism
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a disturbance of motor function with rigidity, gait disturbances, and a slowing of voluntary movements
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scoliosis
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a lateral curve of the vertebral column
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pathologic
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a fracture that is the result of a disease process that weakens the bone
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oncogene
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a gene that acts to convert normal cells to cancer cells
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spina bifida
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a defective closure of the neural tube
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two hallmark characteristics of increased intracranial pressure
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headache, vomiting
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malignant neoplasm characteristics
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rapid growth
poorly differentiated metastasis growth by invasion of surrounding tissues |
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cerebral palsy
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a motor disorder acquired in utero, during the birth process, or soon after birth
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antigen
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any substance introduced into the body that triggers an immune response
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seizure
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a disorder characterized by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain
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hydrocephalus
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an accumulation of excess CSF in the ventricular system of the brain
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autoimmune
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a disease that develops as a result of the breakdown of self tolerance
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subdural hematoma
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a traumatic brain injury with a disruption of the bridging veins between the cortex and dural venous sinuses, most likely when cerebral atrophy is present
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small pox
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a disease caused by the variola virus
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metastasis
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a secondary tumor develops at a site distant and separate from the original tumor
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cellular immunity
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t cells kill infectious agents directly
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virus
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depends on their host for replication
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incubation
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the time between organism transmission to the development of symptoms in the host
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dysplasia
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the first irreversible step towards cancer, change in cell size, shape, or organization of cell components (abnormal)
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fibrosis
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when an injury cannot be repaired by regeneration
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edema
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an imbalance between hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure
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hemostasis
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a blood clot in a damaged vessel
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angiogenesis
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the growth of new vessels
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antibody
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a substance produced by plasma cells of the immune system to fight infectious agents
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nonspecific resistance
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the first line of defense against a wide range of threatening factors
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prognosis
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the expected outcome of a disease
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complication
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a disease concurrent with another disease
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atrophy
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a decrease in the size of a cell
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metaplasia
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a reversible change of one adult cell type for another, loss of differentiation (abnormal)
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hyperplasia
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an increase in the number of cells
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endogenous pathogen
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develops or originates within the body
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exogenous pathogen
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develops or originates outside of the body
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idiopathic
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unknown or spontaneous cause
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iatrogenic
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disease caused by treatment (doctor did it)
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nosocomial infections
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diseases acquired simply by being hospitalized
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pathology
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the study of the essential nature of the disease
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clinical manifestations
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the presentation of the disease
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signs
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physical observations and measures; objective data
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symptoms
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perceptions of the client; subjective data
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functional significance
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the impact of the disease on the individual
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What is wrong with the statement "massage therapy is contraindicated"?
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this statement needs to also take into consideration the needs and desires of the client, the actual pathology that is affecting them, and the possibility that another modality other than Swedish may be used
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causes of cell injury
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- hypoxia - lack of blood flow
- physical agents - sunlight - infectious agents - bacteria and viruses - immunologic reactions - own immune system attacks - genetic derangements - abnormal gene - nutritional imbalances - too much or not enough - aging - things break down as life goes on |
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hypoxia
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lack of oxygen
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ischemia
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lack of blood flow
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the effects of the lack of oxygen on a cell
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- lack of oxygen stops mitochondrial production of ATP
- without ATP, plasma membrane proteins malfunction causing a disruption of ion concentrations within the cell - the accumulation of ions causes water to enter the cell by osmosis, upsetting the fluid balance - organelles swell and malfunction - ribosomes can't synthesize proteins, cell relies on alternative sources of energy - acidic by products accumulate, causing damage to the nuclear DNA - cell membrane breaks - cell death |
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free radical cell injury
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an unstable atom or molecule that steals an electron from a nearby molecule. this damages cells, causes oxidation in the body
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hypertrophy
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an increase in the size of cells, leads to increase in the size of organ
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anaplasia
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to form backwards
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necrosis
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progressive enzymatic digestion of a cell, acute cellular injury (not enough blood supplied to tissue, tissue dies from external factors) e.g. gangrene
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apoptosis
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programmed cellular death or deletion (cell self destruction when stimulated by appropriate trigger) e.g. when fetus fingers separate
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inflammation
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occurs as a reaction to an injurious agent
signs of inflammation: heat - calor (increased blood flow) redness - rubor (increased blood flow) swelling - tumor (imbalance of flow) pain - dolor loss of function - functio laesa |
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What is the role of inflammation in the healing process?
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inflammation triggers the healing process. it is the first step to let the body know that something is wrong so it can begin to heal
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stasis
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the slowing of blood flow in an area of inflammation
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abscess
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a local collection of pus buried in tissue
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regeneration
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a process that results in the restoration of lost or damaged tissues (complete resolution)
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fibrosis (scar formation)
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- removal of debris
- formation of granulation tissue - scar remodeling - maturation of a scar - contraction and strengthening |
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propagation
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increase in thrombus size
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infarct
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an area of ischemic necrosis caused by an occluded (blocked) vessel
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ulcer
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erosion or sloughing of necrotic tissue
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fistula
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an abnormal passage between organs or organ to surface
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healing (scar)
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occurs when the basic tissue structure has been altered. involves both regeneration and formation of scar (incomplete resolution)
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angiogenesis
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formation of new blood cells
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inflammation stages
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- vasoconstriction/vasodilation - increased blood flow causes - redness & warmth, increases vascular permeability
stasis - blood flow slows in area of inflammation - margination - leukocytes stick to sides of vessel wall - emigration - wbcs pass through vessel wall to interstitial space - chemotaxis - cytokines secreted, wbcs find highest concentration of cytokines - phagocytosis and destruction - the engulfing and usually the destruction of particulate matter by phagocytes (wbc) |
