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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In older people, usually benign calcifications in the muscular layer of blood vess associated with _________?
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Mönckeberg’s medial calcific sclerosis
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Hyperplastic or hyaline variants of__________ are seen in small arteries and
arterioles. |
vasculitis
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Foamcells are seen in ______________
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atherosclerosis
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foam cells are formed when ___________ ingest oxidized LDL’s.
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macrophages and smooth muscle cells
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Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with elevated levels of ?
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VLDL
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The earliest sign of the formation of an atheroma is?
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a fatty streak
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The most common type of hypertension is ?
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essential
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Fibrinoid necrosis and hyperplasia of smooth muscles cells seen in hyperplastic
arteioIosclerosis is a result of___________ hypertension. |
secondary
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Immune deposits or antmeutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies may be seen in some forms of___________ ?
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Type III
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Necrotizing granulomas of the upper and lower respiratory tract along with glomenilonephiitis is seen in______
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Wegener's granulomatosis
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Inflammation of veins, arteries, and nerves and hypersensitivity to tobacco is
seenin __________. |
Buerger’s disease
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Vasospasm of vessels in hands or feet when the skin is exposed to cold is _______
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Raynaud’s phenomenon
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Atherosclerotic aneurysms are associated with
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thoracic aneurysms
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Defects in fibrillin production (Marfan’s syndrome) result in.__________
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aortic dissections
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Migratory thrombophiebitis is also know as?
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Trousseau’s sign
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Damaged vessel walls, disordered blood flow, and abnormal hemostatic prope
of the blood is ___________ |
Virchow’s triad
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Cirrhosis of the liver will result in
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esophageal varices
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Peau de orange due to ________, is seen in primary cancer of the breast.
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lymphedema
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Aids patients can develop ________, a malignant tumor of endothelial cells
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Kaposi sarcoma
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The most common cause of right-sided heart failure is
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left-sided heart failure
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Systemic edema will be seen when _________ occurs.
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right-sided heart failure
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Intermittent chest pain with reversible myocardial isehemia is called
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angina pectoris
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Prinzrnetal’s angina is also known as__________ angina.
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variant
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Which of the following is a the best LDL/HDL ratio.
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0.5-3.0
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Which of the following is not true regarding myocardial infarction?
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The larger and more proximal the occlusion, the smaller the infarct.
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The most specific indicator of MI is elevated serum levels of
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Troponin l
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A marker for low-grade systemic inflammation is _________
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C-reactive protein
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A mid-systolic click may be heard in _________
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mitral valve prolapse
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Aschoff bodies are seen in _________
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rheumatic heart disease
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A pulmonary embolism may produce acute __________ a. hypertensive heart disease
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cor pulmonale
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Systemic hypertension will produce
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hypertensive heart disease
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Which of the following is not found in the blood of someone hay fever?
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Antibodies to lactate dehydrogenase.
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Janeway lesions and Osler’s nodes are seen in
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infective endocarditis
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Deposition of fibrin and platelets, only, on cardiac valves is __________
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nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
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Pain on reclining and pericardial friction rubs are characteristic of
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pericarditis
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Septal defects and patent ductus arteriosus are examples of
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left-to-right shunts
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Tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great vessels are examples of___
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right-to-left shunts
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Higher blood pressure in the upper extremities or cyanosis in the lower extremities are characteristics of certain types of
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coarctation of the aorta
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Variation in red cell size is
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anisocytosis
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Which of the following is the term used to describe free hemoglobin in the urine?
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hematuria
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In cells, iron is stored as __________
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ferritin
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Heinz bodies are seen in
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glucose-6-P deficiency
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A valine substituted for a glutamate in a chain on the globin molecule is
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hereditary spherocytosis
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Problems with spectrin and ankyrin are associated with
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hereditary spherocytosis
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Deficiencies in α or β globin is what causes
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thalassemia
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Miicrocytic, hypochromic RBCs are associated with anemia in ________ deficiency.
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iron
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Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord is associated with _______ deficiency.
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B12
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Macrocytes and hypersegmented granulocytes with no demyelination of the dorsal is seen with deficiency of___________
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folic acid
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Pernicious anemia is due to problems absorbing B12 because is either lackii or antibodies are interfering with its function.
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intrinsic factor
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Which type of increase in red cells is polycythemia vera.
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primary absolute
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Increase in white blood cells in infections is called
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reactive leukocytosis
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Epstein-Barr virus is associated with kissing disease known as
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mononucleosis
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Deficiency of white blood cells is
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leukopenia
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Reed-Sternberg cells are associated with
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Hodgkin’s lymphoma
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Bence-Jones proteins are associated with
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mnultiple myeloma
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Factor IX deficiency is _________ ?
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christmas disease
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Cells lining the interior of blood vessels are specifically called __________ cells.
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endothelial
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In thoscIeiosierosis, macrophages and __________ cells develop into foam cells.
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smooth muscle
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Which of the following is a form of arteriosclerosis associated with fatly plaques?
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atherosclerosis
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Which of the following is a form of arteriosclerosis is associated with hyperplastic hyaline deposits in small arteries and arterioles?
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arterioloscierosis
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Which of the following is associated with a higher content of triglycerides?
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VLDL
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Which of the following is frequently associated with hypertension, not dyslipidemi
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arterioloscierosis
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immune complexes are type ________ immune hypersensitivity.
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III
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Which of the following may be associated with immune complex deposits?
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vasculitis
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This type of arteritis will affect the upper respiratory tract and may involve the kid!
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Wegener’s granuiomatosis
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Takayasu’s arteritis is also called
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pulselessdisease
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Thromboangiitis obliterans, which affects arteries, veins, and nerves, is also _____
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Buerger’s disease
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Vasospasm in the extremities that results in cold fingers and toes is
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Raynaud’s phenomenon
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Migratory thrombophiebitis is also called
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Trousseau’s sign
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Venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and endothelia] damage is referred to as
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Virchow’s triad
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Which of the following is typically seen in persons with defective fibrillin?
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aortic dissection
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___________ is associated with atherosclerosis.
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aortic dissection
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Most pulmonary embolisms come from __________
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thrombophiebitis in deep veins of the leg
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Inflammation of a lymph node is
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lymphadenitis
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Persistent ________ in breast cancer produces a skin condition called peau d’ orange.
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lymphedema
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Systemic hypertension, mitral or aortic valve disease, isehemic heart disease, and primary diseases of the myocardium are the most coinon causes of____
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left-sided heart failure
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Failure of the choice selected in the above question (#21) is the most common cause of
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right-sided heart failure
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If there are problems in the lung as with chronic obstructive lung diseases or pulmonary embolism, for example, and nothing else is wrong then _______ may occur.
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cor pulmonale
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Exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, and S3 heart sounds with no edema is seen in ____
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left-sided heart failure
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When systemic venous congestion ensues (after the correct choice in question #24 has occurred) then this patient may well have gone to the stage of ________
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right-sided heart failure
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Which of the following is also called “fixed degree atherosclerotic narrowing”.
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typical angina
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Which of the following is associated with the term “Prinzmetal’s angina”.
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variant angina
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The most common cause of myocardial infarction is ___________ thrombosis.
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Coronary artery
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Your patient has overt symptoms of heart disease, hut the may have dyslipidemia, diabetes, or they smoke. An inflammatory marker that may estimate their risk of acquiring heart problems is ________
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C-reactive protein
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Antibodies to M proteins, antistreptolysin 0, and DNAseB arc seen in
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rheumatic fever
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Libman Sachs endocarditis is associated with which of the following?
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nonbacterial throinbotic endocarditis
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Osler’s nodes and Janeway lesions are associated with_______
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bacterial endocarditis
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Having chronic high blood pressure (only) may result in ________
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hypertensive heart disease
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Aschoff bodies are the result of having ___________
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rheumatic fever
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Inflammation of the heart muscle is called
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myocarditis
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Which of the following may cause sudden death in a young athlete? Not associated with a tie at the end of the fourth quarter.
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hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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Which of the following is associated with cardiac tamponade, chest pain when red and a high friction rub?
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pericarditis
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Which of the following results from chronic heart disease or viruses, and strongly associated with alcohol abuse?
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dilated cardiomyopathy
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Which of the following is associated with cyanosis and is a right-to-left shunt heart defect?
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tetralogy of Fallot
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Which of the following is a left-to-right shunt and has a machinery murmur?
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patent ductus arteriosus
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. Loss of red blood cells should normally result in an increase of
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reticulocytes
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. Hemoglobin is normally bound to
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haptoglobin
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An insoluble form of iron bound to inorganic molecules is called ________
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hemosiderin
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Normally, iron is stored in cells as ____________
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ferritin
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Valine substituted for a glutamate at the 6th position of a β-chain results in
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sickle-cell anemia
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. Some cascs of this lack or are deficient in either an a-chain or b-chain.
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thalassemia
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Erythroblastosis fetalis most probably occurs when which of the following is true?
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mother is Rh- and father is Rh+
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Erythroblastosis fetalis causes cardiac and other organ failure called
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hydrops fetalis
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iron is transported in the serum with _____________
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transferrin
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Spooning of the fingers maybe seen in ____________ deficiency.
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folic acid
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Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord is seen in _________defici
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vitamin B12
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Failure to methylate uridine to form thymidine is seen in ________ deficiency.
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folic acid
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Microcytic hypochromic red blood cells are seen in deficiency.
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iron
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In pernicious anemia, the Schilhing test detects ________ deficiency.
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vitamin B12
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A primarv and absolute increase in red blood cells is seen in ____________ a. blood where there is low oxygen tension
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polycythemia vera
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Deficiency of granulocytes would
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neutropenia
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Epstein Barr virus is the cause of
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mononucleosis
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Reed-Sternberg cells are seen in
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Hodgkin’s lymphoma
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Bcnce-Jones proteins are seen in
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multiple myeloma
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Which of the following types is a disease of small vessels with either hyaline or hyperplastic changes: seen in diabetes and hypertension?
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arterioloscierosis
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In which of the following would one find foam cells?
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atherosclerosis
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Which of the following is a vasculitis?
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Wegeners granulomatosis
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Which of the following participates in the removal of cholesterol from atherosclerotic plaques?
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HDL
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Uptake of cholesterol by _________ cells form foam cells.
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macrophages and smooth muscle
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About 90-95% of hypertension is ______and ________also
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essential / idiopathic
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Hypertension can result in denuding (removal) of _______, which in turn exposes underlying smooth muscle cells to cholesterol, thus forming an atheroma.
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endothelial cells
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The substance secreted by the j uxtaglomerular cells is _____________
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renin
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Vasculitis is inflammatory involvement of vessels and related to type immune reaction.
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III
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For the correct answer in above question 9, which of the following describes the typ of hypersensitivity immune response?
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immune complex-mediated
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Which of the following is associated with upper and lower respiratory vasculitis and
glomerulonephritis? |
Wegener’s granulomatosis
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Which of the following is associated with involvement of arteries, veins and nerves?
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Wegener’s granulomatosis
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Which of the following is associated with lesions due to a response to tobacco product?
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thromboangiitis obliterans
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An arterial disorder due to systemic diseases (SLE, etc) that result in decreased blocx
flow in the fingers and toes when skin is exposed to cold is |
Raynaud’s phenomenon
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The most common place of occurrence ef .arherosckroflc aonic aneurysms Is
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AAA below the kidneys
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Syphilitic aortitis and aneurysms typically affect the
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thoracic aorta
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Dcbakeys classification is relevant to ___________ aneurysms.
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dissecting
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In which of the following can Trousseaus sign or migratory thrombophlebitis, be seen?
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carcinorna in the abdominal cavity
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lnflammation of a lymph vessel is termed _________
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lymphangitis
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The most common cause of lymphangitis is?
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groupA B- hemolytic streptococci
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When hypertrophy of the heart and sympathetic stimulation maintain cardiac output this is called____
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compensated heart failure
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Most acute MI's are caused by _______— thrombosis.
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coronary artery
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Most myocardial infnrcts will typically begin in the
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outer portion of the myocardium
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Which of the following is not used test for myocardial infarction?
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serum arnylase
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Which of the foUowing is a marker for low-grade inflammation and a fair pred cardiovascular disease?
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CRP
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Which of the following should one have as much as possible to be protected fr atherosclerosis?
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HDL
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Which of the following describes the condition of hypertensive heart disease?
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Left ventricular hypertrophy in an individual with a history of hypertension
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Aschoff bodies are seen in
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pancarditis
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Libman-Sacks is also called _____
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nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
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A mid-systolic click can be heard in
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mitral valve prolapse
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Which of the following is not a left-to-right shunt?
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tetratogy of Fallot
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Higher blood pressure in the upper than the lower extremities wouid be seen in
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hypertrcphic cardiomyopathy
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Red cell regeneration is demonstrated by in increase of________ in the peripheral blood.
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reticulocytes
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As a percent, the volume of packed red blood cells in serum is called the _______
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hematocrit
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In grams. the amount of iron-containing pigment in 100 ml of blood is called the
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hemoglobin
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Iron is normally stored as ________ in the peripheral tissues and used as needed
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ferritin
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Problems with a or b globulin chains is seen in ___________
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thatassemia
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All forms of malaria are transmitted by the ________ mosquito.
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female anopheles
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Which of the following RBC types will iron deficiency anemia present with?
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nicrocytic / hypochroinic
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Folic acid deficiency may result in ______________
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mcgaloblastic anemia without neurological defects
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Hypersegmented neutrophils are seen in
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pernicious anemia
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The Shilling test is useful in
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pernicious anemia
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Regarding polyeythemia, it can be relative only (not absolute) if_ _____
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there is a lack of water and there is dehydration
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Reactive leukocytosis is an increase of white blood cells possibly due to _________
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an infection
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Infectious mononucleosis is due to the __________ virus.
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Epstein-Barr
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Involvement of contiguous lymph nodes and staging the diseases with the Ann Arbor classification is useful in which of the following?
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Hodgkin’s disease
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Multiple myeloma may be associated with which of the following?
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Bence-Jones proteins
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