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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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left side of the heart is...
Right side is... |
systemic
pulmonary |
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where does gas exchange occur? (vascular)
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capillary
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Do lymphatics have valves?
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yes
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What are the 5 fluid compartments?
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1. vascular
2. cellular 3. interstitial 4. cellular 5. body cavity (ex:pleural) |
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maintain blood as a fluid until...
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a clot is needed
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what is a primary insult?
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tissue injury. what happens to the tissue first
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what is a secondary insult?
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what happens due to the primary insult
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what is coagulopathy?
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to much bleeding or to much clotting
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what is congestive heart failure an end result of (secondary insult)
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from ischemic heart diease
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What is septicemia a secondary insult from?
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shock
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what is liver disease a secondary insult of?
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chronic alcohol abuse
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Edema?
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excessive fluid accumulation in the interstitial spaces
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what are the 5 causes of edema?
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1. increased hydrostatic pressure
2. reduced plasma oncotic pressure 3. lymphatic 4. sodium retention 5. inflammation |
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what is dependent edema?
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edema that results due to gravitational forces (lower limbs). Right ventricular failure
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what is pulmonary edema?
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fluid accumulation in the lungs due to right sided heart failure
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what is cerebral edema?
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localized and usually due to an infection, stroke, or neoplasm.
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Vasogenic cerebral edema
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most common, vessel damage or obstruction
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cytotoxic cerebral edema
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intracellular (Na/K pump failure)
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interstitial cerebral edema
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extracellular. tranepydymal flow of the CNS fluid
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hypermia
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arteriolar vasodialation that results in an increase in perfusion to that tissue
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congestion
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impaired BF out of a tissue
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What is associated with hyperemia and is due to increase in oxygenated blood?
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erythema
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What is associated with congestion and is due to increase in deoxygenated blood?
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cyanosis
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hemorrage?
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loss of blood from BV
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what are the causes of hemorraging?
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1. inceased vascular pressure
2. thrombocytopenia 3. deficiency of clotting |
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what is the difference in hemostatic bleeding and thombosis?
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homeostatic is physiological and thrombotic is pathological
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thombosis results from what 3 things?
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1. vascular wall
2. platletes 3. coagulation cascade |
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what are the stages of hemostasis?
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1. vasoconstriction
2. primary hemostasis 3. secondary hemostasis 4. localized thrombus formation |
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What happens in the primary hemostasis?
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adhesion and activation of platlets.
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What is thrombocytopenia?
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decrease in platlet count
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what is aplastic anemia?
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decreased production of platlets
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What is ITP (immune thrombocytopenic purpura)?
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Autoimmune against platlets
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What is Von willebrand disease?
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deceased amount of vWF. normal PT with prolonged PTT
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what is petechiae?
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small red bumps caused by increased vascualar pressure, thrombocytopenia, or deficiency in clotting factor
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purpura?
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incrased vascular pressure, thombocytopenia, or deficiency in clotting factor and also old age
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echymosis?
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bruise
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hematoma?
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large collection of blood in tissue.
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what is secondary hemostasis?
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activation of the coagulaiton cascade. firbinogen to fibrin
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what helps platlets bind to exposed ECM?
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vWF
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what activated coagulation?
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tissue factor from epithelial cells
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name a antifibrolytic?
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plasmin activating inhibitor
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what is anti-coagulation?
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membrane associated heprin like molecule. interacts with antithrombin III (AT III) to inactivate thrombin.
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What does tissue factor pathway inhibitor do?
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inactivates active tissue factor
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What is the coagulation cascade?
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series of enzymatic rxn that require calcium and phospholipid substrates in order to achieve no bleeding.
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where do the intrensic and extrensic pathway meet?
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at the level of factor 9
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what are 3 natural anticoagulants?
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1. antithrombin
2. Protein C and S 3. TFPI |
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where are coagulation factors synthesized
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liver. anything that affects liver metabolsm affects coagulation
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what intrensic facotors are made in the liver
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contact factors
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what extrensic factors are made in the liver
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tissue factor
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what is measured in primary hemostasis
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bleeding time: platlete function
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What is measured in secondary hemostasis
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PT, aPTT, TT
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What is PT
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prothrombin time. measures the extrensic and common pathway (factor 9,10, and 5)
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What is aPTT
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measures the extrensic and common pathway (all other factors)
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What is TT
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measures fibrinogen levels
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What is the enzyme that directs fibrolysis?
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plasmin
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Thrombosis
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blood clot within vessels
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thrombosis is a pathological process related to what 3 things?
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1. endothelial injury
2. stasis 3. hypercoagulable state |
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what is the most significant reasons for thombosis?
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epithelial injury
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what are 2 procoagulants?
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tissue factor, plasminogen activator inhibitor
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What are 3 anticoagulants?
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tPA, PGI2, and thombomodulin
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what causes alteration that may lead to thrombosis?
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1. hypertension
2. turbulent BF 3. inflammation |
