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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the name for severe generalized edema with tissue swelling?
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Anasarca
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What is ascites?
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Hydroperitoneum
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What are the 4 main causes of edema?
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Increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma osmotic pressure, Na+ and K+ retention, and lymphatic obstruction
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What are the causes of low albumin levels?
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Nephrotic syndrome (leaky glomerular capillaries), reduced albumin synthesis from liver disease, and protein malnutrition
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What is a buffy coat and what does it likely represent?
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When blood is centrifuged the white blood cells and platelets can aggregate and form a layer. If this is visible it can indicate infection or neoplasia
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What is hematocrit?
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It is the volume of blood that is made up of red blood cells. It is normally between 33-45%
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What causes secondary hyperaldosteronism?
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It is the result of decreasing BP, renal blood flow, and Na+ levels. Most importnat cause is renal artery stenosis.
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Which tissues most commonly encounter edema?
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Subcutaneous tissue, lungs, and brain
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Which is more severe, edema due to renal dysfunction or cardiac edema?
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Renal dysfunction is more severe because it affects all body parts. Cardic often affects mostly lower limbs
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What is the most common cause of pulmonary edema?
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Left ventricular failure. Blood backs up from the left ventricle into the lungs, causing pulmonary hypertension and subsequent edema.
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What is the most comon cause of brain edema?
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Spread of sinus infection into brain or cavernous sinus thrombosis. Can also be caused by local trauma
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What is hyperemia?
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It is an active process that leads to local increased volume of blood in a particular tissue due to arteriolar dilation
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What is congestion?
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It is a passive process that leads to abnormal fluid buildup in veins resulting from impaired venous return from a tissue. May be local or systemic
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What hystological finding denotes pulmonary congestion?
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The presence of hemosiderin-laden macrophages in alveolar spaces. These are commonly called heart failure cells and are associated with the iron component of hemoglobin from damaged RBCs
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What is nutmeg liver and what causes it?
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It is caused by congestion of liver lobule and the subsequent necrosis of the central portion of the lobule with unaffected borders.
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What is the difference between petechiae, purpura, and ecchymoses?
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Size is the only difference. Petechiae is 1-2mm, purpura is 5mm-2cm, and ecchymoses is greater than 2cm
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Important cause of chronic recurrent external blood loss
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Peptic ulcers, they can lead to iron deficiency anemia which doesn't happen with internal hemorrhage
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What is the most common clotting disorder?
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Von Wilebrand's disease
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How are ADP and TXA2 released?
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When platelets bind to exposed extracellular matrix via vWF, they release granules containing these platelet aggregating molecules.
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What is endothelin?
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Local factor produced by damaged endothelium that cuaes local transient vasoconstriction.
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What does tissue factor do?
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It is a pro-coagulant factor synthesized by endothelium at site of injury. It acts to activate thrombin in the coagulation cascade
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What is the differerence between primary and secondary hemostasis?
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Primary is the initial hemostatic plug formed, and secondary is after fibrin is polymerized and cements platelets into secondary plug.
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How does tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) come into play in hemostasis?
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It is a counter-regulatory mechanism that limits hemostatic plug to site of injury
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What is the role of Von Willebrand's Factor (vWF)?
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it is a product of normal endothelium that allows platelets to adhere to collagen in exposed sub-endothelium
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What is thrombomodulin?
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It is an anti-thrombotic product released by endothelium that blocks coagulation cascade. Helps to limit plug to site of injury
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What are the contents of platelet a-granules?
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Fibrinogen, fibronectin, facotrs V and VIII, platelet factor 4, PDGF, and TGF-a
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What are the contents of d-granules?
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ADP and ATP, calcium ions, histamine, serotonin, epinephrine.
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