Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Lesions
|
Fundamental pathologic changes that can be exhibited
|
|
|
Diathesis
|
a condition that interferes with normal response to minor hazards of daily living
|
|
|
Intrinsic Etiology
|
genetic component of disease
|
|
|
Extrinsic Etiology
|
everything but the genetic component of the disease - bugs, physical injury, poisons, etc
|
|
|
Forme Fruste
|
mildest variant of a given disease
|
|
|
Organic disease
|
disease that has a clear anatomic and/or chemical lesion
|
|
|
Functional disease
|
disease with unknown specific lesion. Assumed to result from subtle NS abnormalities and/or mild mechanical problems
|
|
|
Necrosis
|
death of cells prior to the death of the entire organism and it's accompanying visible evidence.
|
|
|
Hypoxia
|
loss of ability to carry on sufficient aerobic oxidative respiration.
|
|
|
Ischemia
|
loss of arterial blood flow causing hypoxia. Something called ischemic hypoxia
|
|
|
Hypoxemia
|
too little O2 in the blood
|
|
|
Hypoxic hypoxia
|
too little O2 in the air as a result of a problem with oxygen intake
|
|
|
Anemic hypoxia
|
too little O2 circulating in the blood as a result of a hemoglobin problem
|
|
|
Histotoxic hypoxia
|
too little O2 available due to cytochrome failure
|
|
|
Pyknosis
|
shriveling and darkening of the nucleus that is attributed to very low pH
|
|
|
Karyorrhexis
|
fragmentation of the shriveled nucleus
|
|
|
Karyolysis
|
nucleus is no longer visible
|
|
|
Autolysis
|
when a dead cell is being self-digested by its own lysosomal enzymes
|
|
|
Heterolysis
|
when a dead cell is being digested by the body's living white cells
|
|
|
Coagulation necrosis
|
death of groups of cells (most often from loss of blood supply), with persistence of their shapes for at least a few days
|
|
|
Efferocytosis
|
removal of apoptotic bodies
|
|
|
Contraction bands
|
variant of coagulation necrosis in dying heart muscle where strips of hypereosinophilia is arranged perpendicular to the long axis of the fiber
|
|
|
Liquefactive/Liquefaction necrosis
|
result of hydrolysis. A process where dead cells are destroyed by lysosomal enzymes
|
|
|
Enzymatic/Fat necrosis
|
when pancreatic enzymes are released into the body tissues and non-discriminative digestion occurs
|
|
|
Caseous necrosis
|
"cheese-like" appearance. TB
|
|
|
Dry gangrene
|
mostly coagulation necrosis of the cells
|
|
|
Wet gangrene
|
mostly liquefactive necrosis
|
|
|
Bacterial Gangrene
|
(usually Clostridial - gas gangrene)
|
|
|
Synergistic gangrene
|
usually a surgical complication. Infection with staph and strep
|
|
|
NOMA
|
necrosis of the lower face and/or female genitalia in immunocompromised (usually from malnutrition)
|
|
|
Fournier's Gangrene
|
black sack disease
|
|
|
Cavitation
|
results from removal of necrotic material and forming a cavity
|
|
|
Fibrinoid necrosis
|
damage to the walls of the arteries that allows plasma proteins to seep into and precipitate within the media.
|
|
|
Gummatous necrosis
|
coagulation necrosis seen in granulomas of syphilis
|
|
|
Aplasia
|
complete failure of an organ to form
|
|
|
Atreisa
|
complete failure of the lumen, or a portion of the length of the lumen to form where it should in a hollow organ
|
|
|
Stenosis
|
a non-neoplastic (non-cancer) narrowing of a lumen
|
|
|
Hypoplasia
|
failure of an organ to grow to normal size along with the rest of the body. Usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
|
|
|
Hyperplasia
|
an increase in the number of normal cells in a tissue or organ
|
|
|
Metaplasia
|
(adaptive) substitution of one type of adult or fully differentiated cells for another type
|
|
|
Dysplasia
|
"bad growth". An abnormal tissue development that is confined to an epithelium
|
|
|
Anaplasia
|
"funny-looking cells". Can be described as the "weird changes/appearance" in tissues due to dysplasia. Develops when dysplastic cells migrate outside of an epithelium
|
|
|
Neoplasia
|
when bizarre cells develop a way to grow their own blood supply.
|
|
|
Heteroplasia
|
when wrongly placed growth is considered small and trivial.
|
|
|
Choristoma
|
when the wrongly placed growth is large enough to "interest a surgeon"
|
|
|
Hamartomas
|
right components of an organ in the wrong arrangement
|
|
|
Transudate
|
abnormal accumulation of fluids that is characterized by protein-poor salt water squeezed through blood vessels by hydrostatic pressure
|
|
|
Exudation
|
abnormal accumulation of fluid characterized by protein-rich fluid that has leaked out of inflamed vessels
|
|
|
Purulent
|
pus filled
|
|
|
Suppurate
|
production of pus
|
|
|
Empyema
|
when pus fills an important body cavity
|
|
|
Left shift
|
aka "bands"; refers to presence of young neutorphils
|
|
|
Gamma IFN
|
signal secreted by T cells that activate macrophages by increasing their ability to kill any organisms they have devoured
|
|
|
TGF-Beta
|
aka activin; factor that deactivates macrophages
|
|
|
C3a and C5a
|
the ANAPHYLATOXINS incrase vascular permability
|
|
|
C3b
|
OPSONIN of complement system
|
|
|
C5b-9
|
membrane attack complex (MAC) perforin
|
|
|
Bradykinin
|
increases vascular permability, dilates blood vessels, contracts non-vascular smooth muscle, and causes pain (i.e., bee venom)
|
|
|
Ulcer
|
forms when necrosis has involved a body surface and a portion of it is sloughed. Requires that the necrosis affect the epithelium and some of the underlying CT
|
|
|
Labile cells
|
cells that are constantly replenishing their neighbors that have died or be shed (i.e. epithelium of skin)
|
|
|
Catarrh
|
exudates, or a heavy secretion from an inflamed mucous membrane
|
|
|
Healing by primary intention
|
a well-approximated surgical wound is ideal situation. Little necrosis and no infection
|
|
|
Healing by secondary intention
|
larger fibrin network (i.e. a scab). Always produces some deformity
|
|
|
-tomy
|
surgeon cuts something
|
|
|
-ectomy
|
surgeon cut something out
|
|
|
-ostomy
|
surgeon cut something to make a mouth.
|
|
|
-plasty
|
surgeon changed shape of an organ
|
|
|
-pexy
|
surgeon moved the organ to the right place
|
|
|
-rraphy
|
the surgeon sewed something up
|
|
|
-desis
|
surgeon made two things stick together
|
|
|
Bacterial infection predominant inflammatory infiltrate
|
neutrophil
|
|
|
viral infection/autoimmune predominant inflammatory infiltrate
|
lymphocyte
|
|
|
spirochetal infection predominant inflammatory infiltrate
|
plasma cell
|
|
|
Cancer
|
great acquired genetic disease, successively less gene control, growth > dying
|
|
|
Incurred damaged
|
multiple genetic injuries -> cells w/ failure of division control, failure of senescence (telometere shortening), failure of proper apoptosis
|
|
|
Nowell's law
|
tumors are overgrwoth of clones w/in clones of cells w/ cumulative genetic inuries - which confers growth advantages over its neighbors. Each successive mutation gives unfair growth advanatge to cell line
|
|
|
Division control
|
normal proto-oncogenes, if slightly altered form activated oncogenes which override normal instruction to limit division. Tumor suppressor genes normally tell cell when NOT to divide
|
|
|
Benign
|
few mutations of large effect so genome is stable
|
|
|
malignant
|
many mutations destabilize genome
|
|
|
Altered growth properties
|
unregulated proliferation, failure to mature, transplantability, immortality, loss of contact inhibition, less of serum/anchorage requirement, loss of density-dependent growth inhibition
|
|
|
complete carcinogen
|
substance that is both an initiator and promoter (tobacco smoke)
|
|
|
Acanthosis Nigricans
|
brown around neck and knuckles
|
|
|
Clubbing of digits
|
lung cancer
|
|
|
Prostate Acid Phosphatase
|
prostate cancer tumor marker for men
|
