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194 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1 of Most common cardiac disorders
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Mitral valve prolapsed
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1 of most common inborn errors of metabolism
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Hereditary hemochromatosis
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1 of the most important risk factors in – Coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular accidents
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Hypertension
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2 dominant types of malignancies of parotid glands
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Malignant mixed tumors & Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
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2 most common mechanisms of Vasculitides
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Immune-mediated inflammation, 2. Direct invasion of vascular walls by infectious pathogens
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2 most important determinants of endothelial alterations
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Hemodynamic disturbances that accompany normal circulatory fxn
Adverse effects of hypercholesterolemia |
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2 of most common nutritional disorders associated w/ nervous system abnormalities
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Thiamine and vit B12 (cobalamin) deficiencies
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2nd most common bone malignancy in children
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Ewing’s sarcoma (osteosarcoma #1)
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3 major abnormalities of Achalasis (in esophagus)
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Aperistalsis
Partial/incomplete relation of lower esophageal sphincter w/ swallowing Inc resting tone of LES |
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3 major categories of Cerebrovascular diseases
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Parenchymal injuries
Infarcts (due to vascular obstruction) Hemorrhages (w/in brain parenchyma or subarachnoid space) |
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3 major categories of Lymphoid Neoplasms (based on origin)
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Tumors of B cells
Tumors of T and NK cells Hodgkin Lymphoma |
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3 Major risk factors of Hepatocellular carcinoma
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HBV or HCV infection
Cirrhosis (alcohol-related usually) Exposure to hepatocarcinogens in food |
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3 most common cause s of death from Macrovascular disease (complication of diabetes)
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Myocardial infarction
Renal vascular insufficiency Cerebrovascular events (stroke) |
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3rd most common cause of death in US
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Vascular insult to brain (CVA-stroke)
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4 Major histologic types of Bronchogenic Carcinoma
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Squamous cell carcinoma
ADenocarcinoma (also bronchioalveolar) Large cell carcinoma Small cell lung carcinoma |
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4 major types of vascular malformations
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Ateriovenous malformations
Capillary telangiectases Venous angiomas Cavernous angiomas |
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4th most common cancer cause of death in US
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Pancreatic Carcinoma (lung > colon > breast)
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5th most common cancer of digestive tract and MOST common malignancy of biliary tract
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Carcinoma of the Gallbladder
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90% of cases of thrombophlebitis and phlebothrombosis found in ?
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Deep leg veins
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Among most common CNS malformation
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Disorders related to abnormal closure of neural tube
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Arterial Spiders (Vascular Ectasias) Most frequent in ?
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Pregnant women, patients w/ cirrhosis
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Arteriolosclerosis most often associated w/
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HPN and diabetes
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Aschoff Bodies are most often found in?
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Myocardium (from Rheumatic fever)
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Carcinoma of Larynx
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Most common in >40years and in M:F (7:1)
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Cardiac tumors are usually metastatic and most often involve?
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The pericardium
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Cirrhossi is most common cause in which portal HPN
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Intrahepatic
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Congestive Heart failure of R-side most often caused by?
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L-sided heart failure
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Contributes to more mortality and serous morbidity in western world than any other disorder
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ATH (Atherosclerosis)
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Dominant cause of chronic sialadenitis
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Autoimmune sialadenitis (bilateral)
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Dominant cause of Sialadenitis
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Paramyxovirus
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Dominant clinical feature acute disseminated Langerhans cell histiocytosis (Letterer-Siwe)
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Cutaneous lesions (secondary to infiltrations of langerhans histiocytes)
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Dominant clinical manifestation of Pheochromocytomas
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Hypertension
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Dominant symptom of esophagitis
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Recurrent heartburn
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Dominant tumor arising in Parotids
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Pleomorphic adenoma (benign)
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External rupture of infarct occurs most commonly?
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Between 4-7days
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Hemangioma is most common in??
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Skin, subcutaneous tissues, mucous membranes of oral cavities and lips
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In kids – most common cause of laryngotracheobronchitis
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Parainfluenza
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Leading cause of death from liver disease in early childhood
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Biliary Atresia
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Leading cause of kidney failure
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Diabetes
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Major categories of neurotoxic substances:
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Metals (arsenic, mercury, lead)
Variety of industrial chemicals (organophosphates, methyl alcohol) Range of environment pollutants (CO2) |
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Major cause of childhood diarrhea
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Cryptosporidosis
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Major cause of peptic ulcer disease in patients who don’t have H. pylori
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NSAIDS
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Major function of AAT
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Protects tissues against enzyme neutrophil elastase (protects lungs)
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Major manifestations of Meningomyeloceles:
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Infections (lesions expose CNS to outside environment)
Lower extremity paralysis Disturbances in bladder/bowel control |
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Major obstructive disorders (excluding tumors or foreign body inhalation)
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Asthma, Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Bronchiectasis, Cystic Fibrosis, Bronchiolitis
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Major organ responsible for removing pneumococcus from blood
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Spleen
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Major risk factor for ATH
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Hyperlipidemia (specifically hypercholesterolemia)
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Major risk factor for ATH at all ages
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Hypertension
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Major supporting cells in brain
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Astrocytes
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Mesotheleomas are most likely to be confused w/
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Pulmonary ADenocarcinoma
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Most common AAT (a1-Antitrypsin deficiency) allele
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PiM
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Most common acute abdominal condition surgeons called on
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Appendicitis
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Most common adenomas of small and large intestines
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Tubular Adenomas
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Most common afflictions of humans – common cold
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Lesions of URT (upper respiratory tract) acute infections
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Most common among malignant tumors that occur in the stomach
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Gastric Carcinoma (then lymphoma > carcinoids > mesenchymal spindle tumors)
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Most common and characteristic clinical findings of Addison’s Disease
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Skin hyperpigmentation, ***brown/black macular pigmented lesions affecting oral mucosa
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Most common and innocuous development anomaly for small intestine problems
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Meckel Diverticulum
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Most common and severe cranial neural tube defect
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Anencephaly
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Most common arrhythmia
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Atrial Fibrillation (AF or A-fib) – involves both atria
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Most common benign lesion
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Hamartoma
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Most common benign lesion of liver
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Cavernous hemangioma
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Most common cause of acquired hemolytic anemia worldwide
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Malaria
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Most common cause of Acute Pyelonephritis
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E. coli
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Most common cause of acute renal failure
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Acute tubular necrosis
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Most common cause of Arteriovenous malformations
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Congenital vascular abnormalities in the brain (in cerebral hemisphere)
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Most common cause of atypical pneumonias
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Mycoplasma pneumonias (Eaton agent)
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Most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in kids <1 in US
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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
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Most common cause of cerebrovascular disease
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Infarct (caused by local vascular obstruction)
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Most common cause of chronic glomerulonephritis
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Diabetes
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Most common cause of chronic pancreatitis
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Alcohol abuse
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Most common cause of clinically apparent hypercalcemia in adults
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Malignancy
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Most common cause of clinically silent hypercalcemia
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Primary hyperparathyroidism
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Most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia
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Streptococcus penumoniae (penumococcus)
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Most common cause of death in economically developed countries
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Ischemic Heart disease
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Most common cause of death in industrialized nations
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Acute MI (“heart attack”)
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Most common cause of death w/ aortic dissection
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Rupture of dissection outward into any of 3 body cavities (Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal)
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Most common cause of dementia in elderly
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Alzheimer disease
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Most common cause of hepatic failure
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Chronic liver disease
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Most common cause of hydroenphrosis
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Congenital (atresia of urethra, valve formations in either ureter or urethra)
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Most common cause of ischemic heart disease
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Narrowing of lumina of coronary arteries by atherosclerosis
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Most common cause of isolated mitral regurgitation
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Mitral Valve Prolapse
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Most common cause of myelophthisic anemia
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Metastatic carcinoma
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Most common cause of nephritic syndrome in kids
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Lipoid nephrosis (minimal change disease)
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Most common cause of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema
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ALI (acute lung injury)and ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome)
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Most common cause of Resorption Atelectasis
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Obstruction of bronchus by mucous or mucopurulent plug
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Most common cause of R-sided heart failure
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L ventricular failure w/ associated pulmonary congestion and elevation in pulmonary arterial P
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Most common cause of spontaneous (nontraumatic) subarachnoid hemorrhage
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Rupture of a saccular (berry) aneurysm
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Most common cause of sudden cardiac death
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Ischemic heart diseae à ventricular fibrillation
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Most common causes of L-sided cardiac failure
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Systemic HPN
Mitral/aortic valve disease Ischemic heart disease Primary diseases of myocardium |
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Most common Chronic bronchitis
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Simple
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Most common clinical manifestation of arteriovenous malformation
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Spontaneous hemorrhage (usually after 1st decade of life)
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Most common compliaction in anterioapical region of heart
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Ventricular Aneurysms
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Most common complication of gallstones and most common reason for ER cholecystectomy
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Acute Calculous cholecystitis
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Most common complication of infectious mono
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Hepatic dysfunction
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Most common congenital malformations of nervous system
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Neural tube defects, malformations associated w/ hydrocephalus, primary forebrain abnormalities
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Most common cutaneous Lymphoma
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Mycosis Fungoides
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Most common defect of hereditary spherocytosis
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Mutation of ankyrin gene
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Most common demyelinating disease of CNS
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Multiple Sclerosis
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Most common disease among primary neurodegenerative disorders affecting motor neurons
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ALS (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) – Lou Gehrig disease or motor neuron disease (MND)
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Most common etiologic agents of Lymphangitis and Lymphedema
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Group A β-hemolytic streptococci
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Most common extranodal location of GI lymphoma
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Gut
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Most common form of chronic pyelonephritis
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Chronic reflux-associated pyelonephritis
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Most common form of Dwarfism
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Achondroplasia
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Most common form of ectasia
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Vascular ectasias – Nervus Flammeus
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Most common form of GI Lymphomas in western hemisphere
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Sporadic Lymphomas
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Most common form of glomerulonephritis in SLE
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Diffuse prolierative (“wire loop” lesions)
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Most common form of neoplasia in appendeix
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Carcinoids
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Most common form of neuronal tumor in CNS
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Ganglion cell tumors
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Most common form of opportunistic CMV disease
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Retina (retinitis)
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Most common form of pharyngitis
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Mild
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Most common fungal endocarditis
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Candida endocarditis
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Most common genetic variation in Hemochromatosis
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Mutation of HFE gene
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Most common GI infection
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GI infection w/ Helicobacter pylori
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Most common glomerular disease in Asia (10% in US)
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IgA Nephropathy (Berger disease)
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Most common group of primary CNS tumors
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Astrocytomas (primary neurological tumors – Gliomas)
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Most common health problem encountered by more than 300 million ppl who travel internationally per year
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Infectious Enterocolitis
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Most common hepatic neoplasms are benign or metastatic?
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Metastatic
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Most common in men b/w 40-60yrs of age w/ hx of HPN
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Proximal Aortic Dissection
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Most common isolates of Nosocomial Pneumonias
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Gram (-) negative rods (Klebsiella penumoniae and Pseudomonas) and S. aureus
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Most common localized clinical disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria
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Chronic pulmonary disease in immunocompetent ppl
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Most common location of diverticulosis
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Colon
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Most common malignancy in adolescents
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Leukemia > Lymphoma > Osteosarcoma
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Most common malignant bone tumors are secondary metastases, ex:
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Breast, bronchus, kidney, prostate, thyroid, GI
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Most common malignant tumor of kidney
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Renal cell carcinoma
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Most common malignant tumors
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Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (adenocarcinomas and SCC features)
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Most common manifestation of L-sided cardiac failure
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Dyspnea
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Most common manifestations in Polyarteritis Nodosa
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Malaise, Fever of unknown cause, weight loss, HPN, abdominal pain, melena (bloody stool), peripheral neuritis
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Most common manifestations of Primary hyperparathyroidism
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Hypercalcemia - Inc levels of Ca++
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Most common manifestations of primary hyperparathyroidism
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Renal calculi, nephrocalcinosis, peptic ulcerations
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Most common nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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Undifferentiated carcinoma
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Most common nutritional deficiency
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Iron deficiency
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Most common opportunisitic viral pathogen in AIDS
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CMV (cytomegalovirus)
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Most common pancreatic endocrine tumor
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Insulinomas
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Most common pathogens of URT acute infections
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Rhinoviruses
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Most common pattern of candidiasis
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Superficial infection of mucosal surfaces of oral cavity (thrush)
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Most common pattern of Mesotheleomas
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Epithelial
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Most common presenting feature in Laryngeal tumors
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Hoarseness in voice
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Most common preventable cause of death in hospitalized patients
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Embolization of venous and R-sided cardiac thrombi to lungs
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Most common primary lung tumor in recent years
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Adenocarcinoma (replaced squamous cell carcinoma)
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Most common primary malignant bone tumor
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Osteosarcoma
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Most common primary sites of metastatic neoplasms in descending order of frequency (excluding leukemias/lymphomas)
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Carcinomas of lung and breast, malignant melanomas
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Most common primary tumors arising in women, lifetime nonsmokers, and <45years
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Adenocarcinoma
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Most common reason for cholangitis
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Choledocholithiasis
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Most common site of gut carcinoid tumors
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Appendix
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Most common sites of Infective Endocarditis infection
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Aortic and mitral valves
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Most common skin cancer
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Basal cell carcinoma
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Most common subtype of chronic restrictive lung diseases
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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
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Most common target antigen for Cytoplasmic localization of staining (c-ANCA)
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PR-3 = Proteinase 3
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Most common tumor of appendix (most occur in adults)
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Carcinoid tumor
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Most common tumor type of Islet cell tumors
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Insulinomas
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Most common type of Emphysema
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Centriacinar type
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Most common type of Extrinsic Asthma
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Atopic Asthma
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Most common type of hereditary spherocytosis
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Autosomal dominant
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Most common type of pemphigus variant
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Pemphigus vulgaris
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Most common type of pseudohypoparathyroidism Type I
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Type Ia
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Most common type of renal cell carcinomas
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Clear cell carcinoma
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Most common type of Verrucae (warts)
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Verruca vulgaris
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Most common underlying cause of primary brain parenchymal hemorrhage
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Hypertension
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Most common variant of malignant plasma cell dyscrasias
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Multiple Myeloma
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Most common vasculitis
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Giant Cell (Temporal) Arteritis
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Most common viral cause of Myocarditis
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Cox A and B and other enteroviruses
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Most commonly musculoskeletal problem seen in post-menopausal women
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Osteoporosis
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Most frequent and important patters of ATH
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Arteriolosclerosis
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Most frequent benign tumors of SI
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Stromal tumors (dominant), smooth muscle origin, adenomas, adenocarcinomas, lipomas
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Most frequent cause of Addison’s disease (primary hypoadrenocorticism)
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Idiopathic adrenocrotical atrophy (used to be from TB)
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Most frequent disease causing fungus
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Candida ablicans
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Most important causative factor in Chronic Bronchitis
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Smoking
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Most important causes of aortic aneurysms
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ATH
Cystic medial degeneration of arterial media |
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Most important clinical features of chronic gastritis, due from development of:
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Peptic ulcer
Gastric carcinomas |
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Most important clinical predispositions of thrombophlebitis and Phlebothrombosis
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Cardiac failure, neoplasia, pregnancy, obesity, postop state, prolonged bed rest
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Most important clinical sign of malignant melanoma
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Change in color, size or shape in pigmented lesion
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Most important determinant of clinical outcome of acute gastric ulceration
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Ability to correct underlying condition
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Most important etiologic association of chronic gastritis in stomach
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Chronic infection by Helicobacter
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Most important event in Nonobstructive atelectasis (microatelectasis)
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Loss of surfactant
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Most important feature for differentiating leukemoid reactions from CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia)
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Presence of chromosomal abnormalitiy – Ph (Philidelphia) chromosome, t(22,9)
**present in CML |
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Most important prognostic indicator of stomach tumors & colorectal carcinomas
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Stage of tumor at time of resection
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Most important type of lymphoma in adults
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Diffuse large B-cell Lymphoma
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Most important white cell disorders
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Tumors (lymphoid neoplasms, myeloid neoplasms, histiocytic neoplasms)
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Most often occurs secondary to ductal obstruction resulting from stone formation (sialolithiasis)
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Bacterial Sialadenitis
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Oligodendrogliomas are most common during what age
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Adulthood
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One of most common causes of recurrent hematuria
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IgA nephropathy (Berger disease)
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One of most common morphologic alterations encountered in neurons
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Coagulation necrosis
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One of most important public health issues in industrialized world
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Dementia
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Peripheral Neuropathies are divided into 2 major categories
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Axonal degeneration (Wallerian)
Segmental demyelination |
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Plays major role in etiology of Kaposi Sarcoma Tumors in AIDS patients
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HPV type 8
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Primary causes of nephritic syndrome
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Lipoid nephrosis (minimal change disese)
Membranous glomerulonephritis |
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Second most common tumor arising on sun-exposed sites in older people
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Symptomatic atherosclerotic disease most often involves arteries supplying?
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Heart, Brain, Kidneys, lower extremities
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Temporal Arteritis is most common in?
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Older individuals
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Undifferentiated Nasopharyngeal carcinoma most closely linked to
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EBV – infects B lymphocytes
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Varices most often associated w/:
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Alcholic cirrhosis
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Villous adenomas are most common in:
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Rectum and rectosigmoid
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Vocal cord nodules are most often located on
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True vocal cords
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Volvulus bowel obstruction affects what area most often?
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Small bowel
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