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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the two leading causes of death
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heart disease
cancer |
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will a benign tumor usually penetrate the tissues around it
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no
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what is adenocarcinoma
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the cells of the colon may invade the entire thickness of the colon wall and then seed other arease of the peritoneal cavity
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what are the most frequent orgnas of metastases
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liver and lung
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how do you name beniegn tumors
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suffix oma fromt eh tissue or cell type from which it arises
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what is the purpose of the epithelial tissue that would be altered in a carcinoma
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protection
absorption secreteion sensory reception filter |
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how do you name a sarcoma
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by the cell type of tissue type from the origine
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what are examples of mesenchymal tissue
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conective tissue
muslce bone cartilage |
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what is the most common malignant tumor after carcinomas
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leukemia
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what are the four types of malignant tumors we talked abut
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carcinoma
sarcoma lymphoma leukemia |
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what is hemangioma
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benign blood vessel
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what is angiosarcoma
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malignant blood vessel
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waht is cartilage benign and malignant
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chrondroma
chondrosarcome |
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what is smooth muslce bening and malignant
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leiomyoma
leiomyosarcoma |
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what is multiple tissue benign
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teratoma
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a well differentiated hepaotcarcinoma may produce...
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bile
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what is the hallmark of malignancy
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anaplastic cells
poorly differentiated cells that usually arise from stem cells in tissue |
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the more undifferentiated....
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the faster the tumor grows
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why might TNF alpha contribute
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from macrophages
hyperplasia metaplasia anaplasia dysplasia carcinoma in situ |
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how do you know if its a benign tumor
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size
shape structure rar mitosis slow growth does not invade other tissues no metastasis may ahve capsule around it |
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how do you know if its malignant
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pleomorphic
frequent mitosis growth progressive infiltration invasiona nd destruction of adjacent tissues metastasis |
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how can we determine growth rate
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growth fraction
doubling time |
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what are the factors of malignancy in the epidemiology
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AHECCV
age heredity environmental combination chemical virus |
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why is the p53 gene the guardian angle of the genome
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50 percnt of all malignance have mutations there
activates genes that produce protein to bind cyclin dependent kinases halting cell division turns on genes in DNA repair if irrepairable initiates apoptosis |
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what are CdKs
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enzymes that phopshorylate imporatn cellular enzyems for mitosis
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what are BRCA1 and BRCA2
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tumor supressor genes often associated with breast and ovarian cancers
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what are examples of proto oncogenes
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growth factors
intracellular cell transduction pathways (ras) DNA binding nuclear proteins cell cycle proteins liek cyclins inhibitors of apoptosis |
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what is ras
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intracellular cell transduction
a G protein that relays a grwoth signal from a growth factor to a cascade of protein kinases if mutated my stimulate hyperactive cell growth |
