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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the normal range for sodium?
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135-145
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At what range is hyponatremia diagnosed?
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Below 125
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What must you rule out first before diagnosing hyponatremia?
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Psuedo-hyponatremia
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What does hyponatremia usually indicate about a patient?
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They have deficits in their capacity to balance water.
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What is the next step in the work up and treatment for someone who is hyponatremic?
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Classify the volume status: hypovolemic, euvolemic, hypervolemic.
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What is the relevant henderson-haselbalch equation relating pH to bicarbonate and CO2?
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pH = 6.1 + log [bicarb/(0.03*pCO2)]
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What is diagnostic sensitivity?
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The ability to be positive in diseased individuals.
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What is diagnostic specificity?
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The ability of the test to be negative in healthy individuals.
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What is the positive predictive value of a test?
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It indicates the likelihood of a positive test if someone has the disease. True positives/(true + false positives)
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What is the negative predictive value?
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The likelihood of a negative test in someone without the disease. true negative/(true + false negative)
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What is an example of a reflex test?
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Abnormal pap smear cytology, do HPV testing to categorize low risk from high risk cases.
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There are three types of errors associated with clinical lab tests. What are these and what is their order of importance.
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Pre-clinical error (collection, etc.) > Post-clinical error (result reporting) > analytical (technical)
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What is a major factor which affects the measured levels of triglycerides?
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Supine versus upright position may cause a 10 % decrease in measured levels.
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What enzymes are representative for cardiac muscle?
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CKMB, troponin T and I
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What is the earliest marker for myocardial infarct?
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Myoglobin
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What are the antigens in the ABO system?
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Glycoproteins produced by the presence of different glycosyl transferase enzymes (ABH).
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What are the three major transferase proteins?
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A: A-transferase
B: B-transferase H: fucose transferase |
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What is the Bombay phenotype (Oh)?
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A, B, H negative.
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Are bombay individuals good donors or good recipients of blood?
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Great donors, bad recipients.
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What are the major components that are available for transfusion?
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1. Packed RBCs
2. Platelets 3. Fresh frozen plasma (coag. factors) 4. Cryoprecipitate (insol. coag. factors) |
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How can donor RBC compatibility with recipient be measured?
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Indirect Coomb's test.
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How does the indirect Coomb's test work?
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Add patients serum to donor RBCs and test for agglutination with test reagent.
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What is the direct Coomb's test useful for?
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Detecting IgG/complement bound to patient's RBCs in vivo.
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Which of the Coomb's tests are useful for blood transfusion matching?
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Indirect Coomb's test.
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How do you calculate the mean corpuscular volume (MCV)?
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MCV = hematocrit/RBC count
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How do you calculate the mean corpuscular hemoglobin?
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MCH = (hemoglobin x 10) / (RBC count)
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