Path Exam Ii

Front 1

Fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity

Back 1

hyroperitoneum or acites

Front 2

Fluid accumulation in the thorax

Back 2

hydrothorax

Front 3

Fluid accumulation within the pericaridal sac

Back 3

hydropericardium

Front 4

Generalized edema, usually in the fetus

Back 4

anasarca

Front 5

Some things that lead to edema (there are 9 in the notes!)

Back 5

inflammation, heart failure, pulmonary disease, renal disease, hepatic disease, gastrointestinal disease and pancreatic disease, neoplasia, malnutrition, certain types of parasitism

Front 6

Edema can the be the result of?
(4 different situations)

Back 6

blood pressure, osmotic pressure, endothelial integrity, lymphatic drainage

Front 7

Consequences of edema vary according to severity and location. What are three locations in the body that edema can form in and what happens if edema is there?

Back 7

1. skin=room to swell
2. brain=no room
3. lung=intereferes with gas exchange

Front 8

Edema in the lungs can lead to...

Back 8

hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis

Front 9

What is the gross appearance of tissues with edema?

Back 9

swollen
heavy
wet
widening of fascial planes
gelatinous (pitting edema)

Front 10

Appearance of inflammatory edema vs. noninflammatory edema

Back 10

inflammatory: dark, gelatinous
noninflam: pale yellow and watery

Front 11

Histological appearance of edema?

Back 11

thickening, widening of tissue
clear, empty spaces bt collagen fibers and cells
lymphatic vessels are dilated
alveolar spaces are bigger than they should be

Front 12

Unclassified fluid?

Back 12

effusion

Front 13

effusion with low protein and low cellularity

Back 13

transudate

Front 14

effusion with high protein and high cellularity

Back 14

exudate

Front 15

an effusion with high protein and low cellularity or low protein and high cellularity

Back 15

modified transudate (has properties between exudate and transudate)

Front 16

Dissolved particles?

Back 16

solute

Front 17

liquid that particles are in?

Back 17

solvent

Front 18

where does exchange of water always occur?

Back 18

in beds of capillaries or small venules

Front 19

osmotic pressure due to proteins is called?

Back 19

colloid osmotic pressure or oncotic pressure

Front 20

the majority of colloidal osmotic pressure is due to what protein? synthesized where?

Back 20

albumin, synthesized in liver

Front 21

where are hydrostatic pressures greatest?

Back 21

arteriolar side of capillary

Front 22

where are hydrostatic forces lowest?

Back 22

in the interstitium

Front 23

things that tend to pull water out of vessels?

Back 23

blood pressure and osmotic pressure

Front 24

things that tend to pull water into blood?

Back 24

hydrostatic pressure

Front 25

Is there a difference bt the composition of normal lymph fluid and normal interstitial fluid?

Back 25

not much difference in the composition

Front 26

Does dehydration cause net flow of water into or out of the interstitium?

Back 26

out of interstitium into capillaries

Front 27

Does accute hemorrhage cause net flow of water into or out of the capillaries?

Back 27

into the capillaries out of the interstitium

Front 28

what causes edema by increasing blood pressure?

Back 28

1. hyperemia
2. local passive congestion

Front 29

Is hyperemia a local or systemic process?

Back 29

local

Front 30

when edema results from increased venous blood pressure instead of increased arterial blood pressure, this is called?

Back 30

local passive congestion

Front 31

Heart failure has the same effects as local passive congestion, except?

Back 31

it is regional or systemic, not local

Front 32

How can RHF lead to ascites?

Back 32

RHF-->passive congestion of liver-->increase portal venous bp-->increased mesenteric and intestinal venous bp-->ascites

Front 33

How can decompensated left heart failure lead to death?

Back 33

LHF-->pulmonary edema-->interference with gas exchange--> hypoxemia-->further depression of cardiac function-->death

Front 34

hypoproteinemia is generally synonymous with?

Back 34

hypoalbuminemia

Front 35

Things that cause hypoproteinemia by decreasing protein synthesis?

Back 35

1. protein malnutrition
2. end stage liver disease

Front 36

Things that cause hypoproteinemia by increasing protein loss?

Back 36

1. parasitism
2. renal disease (a. glomerular amyloidosis, b. glomerulonephritis)
3. gastrointestinal disease
4. extensive cutaneous burns

Front 37

Things that cause edema by impairing lymph drainage?

Back 37

1. lymphangitis or lymphadenitis
2. blockage of lymph vessels by invasive or metastatic cancer

Front 38

what is the sequence of events of inflammatory edema?

Back 38

1. damage to endothelium
2. leakage of protein across capillary walls
3. increased interstitial colloid osmotic pressure
4. fibrin strands form on serosal surfaces

Front 39

Presence of fibrin is proof of?

Back 39

damaged leaky endothelium

Front 40

high protein in edema stains what color?

Back 40

pale pink