Path Exam 2

Front 1

Wound dehicsents:

Back 1

opposite keloid
Isnt strong enough to form scar tissue, break open.
elderly who arent replacing tissue efficiantly, obese, diabetics, steroid.
Any wound can become infected.
Muscles spasm to point bones dislocate and breakage.
You have to look at local area, chest area- lung function problem.

Front 2

Stenosis

Back 2

occur in hollow structure, scar tissue.

Front 3

Contractures:.

Back 3

fixation of joint.
muscle fibers shorten w/burn victims.
joint will stay in contracted position

Front 4

granulation tissue

Back 4

New tissue that growing
example, pale and tender, high supply of blood present.
Different types tissue in body are going to have different rates.

Front 5

___________________ tissue have the highest rate....paper cut dont scar because

Back 5

Connective tissue, campilary tissue, endothelial

Front 6

epathelial.

Back 6

makes up skin
bone tends to genterate healthy young person.
Muscle generates poorly.
Nerve cells don't regenerate except newborns.
Example: deliverly damage in facial nerves. 1 or 2 age is lost.
>problems occuring in repair process: example- calcaphacation: bone injury: bone spurs: too much calcium building up.

Front 7

Anytime we have disease they occur at ___________...Some mild, some cause death to cell.

Back 7

cellular level

Front 8

Adhesions. Keloid:

Back 8

Over growth of scar tissue. scar raised above surface of skin
rough texture
darker than normal skin color. tend to form in darker skin ppl
tends to form anytime have open skin.
Can use laser treatments and may shrinken and lighten.

Front 9

cell damage: Hypoxia

Back 9

low oxygen

Front 10

Cell damage: anoxia

Back 10

no oxygen
Causes: obstruction in resp system.
Inadiquate transport of oxygen in lung: asthma, enphasma. Not enough oxygen in blood: shape of RBC (Sickle cell), and anemia (reduced hemoglobin).

Front 11

Cell damage: Toxic injury-

Back 11

poison, produced by living system. Not all poisons are toxins. Any chemical.

Front 12

Cell damage :Microbes

Back 12

damage and destroy cells.

Front 13

Cell damage: Apoptosis

Back 13

programmed cell death.
phyiologic:>>> formation of hollow structures.
>>> mostly fetus development.
Pathologic: muscular distrophy: muscle cells die cuz underlying disease.
Tumors develop in lack of apoptosis.

Front 14

Cell damage: Metabolic-

Back 14

Diabetes: loss of vision, poor circulation, heart.

Front 15

Cell damage: Genetic disorders:

Back 15

Ksaks disease: cells distroyed in CNS. Genetic diseases.

Front 16

Types of cell death:
Degeneration

Back 16

cytoplasm of a cell is replaced by abnormal substances, shouldn't be there.

Front 17

cloudy swelling Degeneration-

Back 17

most common but least severe.
Some degree of CS is going to occur in any infection or trauma.
Too much fluid/water inside cell.
under microscope cloudy appearance due to water. Appear enlarged, cloudy, and pale grey in color.
Almost always reversable.

Front 18

Fatty degeneration

Back 18

Fat present in cytoplasm.
Liver is most commonly affected and heart after.
much heavier than should be, yellowish in appearance due to fat, soft, rounded.
Frequently seen in alcohol, drugs, poisoning in general because thats where booze is metabolism.
Heart: fatty foods, cholestrol, death of heart tissue. Most not reversable but sometimes can be.

Front 19

Mucoid degeneration:

Back 19

mucus build up in cell.
Edema.
See when tumors break down as well as cyst desolving.

Front 20

Colloid degeneration:

Back 20

Cytoplasm in cell becomes sticky and fluid like.
See in formation of cyst (thyroid).

Front 21

Hyaline degeneration:

Back 21

occur in connective tissue. Cytoplasm becomes brittle. Part of aging process-accounts for aging process.
See in Arteriosclerosis- cells are brittle.

Front 22

Presbyopia:

Back 22

Changes in vision when aging because cells in eye.

Front 23

Presbycucis:

Back 23

Hearing decreases because of changes in ear drum itself.

Front 24

Amaloid degeneration-

Back 24

build up of waxy starches in cells.
Ususally occur in vascular and lymphatic system.
Occurs in lupus: autoimmune disease to attack vessels, tissues.

Front 25

Fatty are usually _________

Back 25

reversable

Front 26

Endogenous

Back 26

Change in level of normal body pigments
1. Melanosis-tan, moles, freckles
2. Biliary pigmentation- bruise, jaundice
3. Depigmentation-Vitiligo, albinism

Front 27

Any inflamatory process: Chemical mediators:

Back 27

chemicals released in body:
histamine
prostaglandins
bradykinins: produce in first stage: Too much damages cells.
2nd cellular injury

Front 28

Chloasma-

Back 28

hormonally caused, if pregnant. Butterfly face, mask of pregnancy

Front 29

Exaginous

Back 29

externally caused rather than resulting from inside

Front 30

Pneumoconeoses

Back 30

affects lungs
inhilation foreign substance causes discoloration of lung.

Front 31

Anthracosis

Back 31

aka black lung.

Front 32

Asbastosis Silicosis-

Back 32

inhaling sand like substances. Fiberglass.

Front 33

Siderosis-

Back 33

inhalation of iron particles
occupational disease.

Front 34

Heavy metal poisoning

Back 34

lead poisoning, medical term is plumism
one of signs is dark blue discoloration in teeth and gums,
dark blue line.

Front 35

argyria

Back 35

silver poisoning,
ingested-ashy grey discoloration all over body.
contact- will turn almost black

Front 36

mercury

Back 36

greyish discoloration
*Anything that would result in dyes, medications, foods, ex: tattoos

Front 37

calcification

Back 37

calcium deposited in body tissue, bone spurs (to much calcium being deposited), arteries,
TB-tubricals deposits calcium.

Front 38

lithopedian

Back 38

stone baby
in or out the uterus
fetus dies but doesnt come out and body calcifies it.

Front 39

Necrosis

Back 39

another cellular change, death of cell in a living organism. Things that cause necrosis-any vascular side.
Damage of skin in spin chord. Any type of damage.

Front 40

coagulation necrosis

Back 40

proteins consolidating and form a firm solid mass.
strokes and heart attacks

Front 41

caseation necrosis

Back 41

tissue crumbling when it dies, TB.
they damage tissue around them.

Front 42

liquefaction necrosis

Back 42

tissue liquifies, cysts, eboli.

Front 43

dry gangrene

Back 43

decreased artiero flow
black in appearance
dry and shrivled
feels leathery and cold decreased or no pulse line of demortation(draw a line right where it starts)

Front 44

Gas gangrene

Back 44

clostidium perfrengens, extreme odor
touch hear cracking sound because of gas.
Mostly gas is communicated. But wet is possible.

Front 45

wet gangrene

Back 45

decreased venus return. Swollen in appearance,
purple and yellow is color
moist and oozing
more odor than dry
defuse patern, no line of demortation.

Front 46

Progressive tissue changes:

Back 46

>Aplasia.
>hypertrophy
>contensifory
>hyperplasia-plasia
>metaplasia
>Dysplasia
> neoplasia

Front 47

atrophy

Back 47

decrease size body part once normal size.
Classified physiological(expect it to occur)
Decreased hormone levels
age
Examples: aging, thymus gland starting at puberty, mentral cycle the corpus leteum will ateophy and just disappear.
pathologic: disuse, loss of intervation.
Paraplegic, decreased oxygen or nutrition.

Front 48

Hypoplasia

Back 48

can contract atophy with hypoplasia

was always small, never reached normal size.

Front 49

Aplasia

Back 49

lack of development...another name for aplasia: agenesis.

Front 50

hypertrophy

Back 50

increase of the size of a body part due to increase of size of cells.
trophy refered to nutrion
Physiologic-uterus when preggo
breast during lactation: the cells increase in size.
Pathologic: hypertation: heart enlarge.
Cirrhosis: enlargement of the liver.

Front 51

neoplasia

Back 51

growth of abnormal cells, tumor.
Associated with anaplasia: how tumors are graded in differentiation, you can see different structures in cells. can grade cancer by how badly differentiated cell.
Treatment and prognosis.

Front 52

Dysplasia

Back 52

cells of different size and differnet shape.
A woman has papsmeer.

Front 53

metaplasia

Back 53

growth of normal body cells but in abnormal location:
in epathial with smokers you have squamous not 5 dollar word.

Front 54

hyperplasia

Back 54

plasia- structure wasnt there, new cells.
Increase # of cells in structure due to increase size of single cells.
Calis. Tumors. During mentral cycle, endometrium builds up new cells, physicological.

Front 55

contensifory

Back 55

if one gets larger other to compensate.
usually occurs in paired organs, if you are paraplegic, upper body gets larger.

Front 56

Inflammation: Signs and symptoms

Back 56

heat
pain
redness
swelling
loss function

Front 57

Adhesions

Back 57

fibrous band of scar tissue that binds together normally separate anatomical structures

Front 58

steps in inflammation

Back 58

congestion
exudation
resolution

Front 59

congestion

Back 59

brief vasoconstriction
visodilation
increased permeability
leukocytosis
fever

Front 60

exudation

Back 60

diapedesis
phagocytosis
exudate formation
antibody production
fibriogen

Front 61

types of exudation

Back 61

serous
fibrinous
perulant
hemorrhagic

Front 62

resolution

Back 62

return to normal if all bacteria is destroyed.

Front 63

suppuration

Back 63

comes before resolution if pyogenic bacteria is present

Front 64

first leukocytes produced....associated with congestion

Back 64

neutaphils

Front 65

ulcer

Back 65

erosion

Front 66

Inflamation and repair

Back 66

usually a local reaction to any type of injury and Repair (occurs simultaneously)

Front 67

Characteristics of inflammation

Back 67

* Physical injury (splinters)
* Exposure (extreme heat or cold)
* Chemical irritants (strong acids or alkali substances)
* Bological irratants
* Temperature extremes
* Ends in –itis

Front 68

Symptoms of Inflammation

Back 68

* Rubor - redness
* Calor - warmth
* Tumor-swollen
* Dolor-pain
* Fuctio lasea- loss of function

Front 69

1. Congestion and characteristics

Back 69

brief vaso constriction occurs (keeps it where it is) , followed vaso dilation (increased bloodflow to area to bring white blood cells

* Hyperemia

* Leukocytosis-

*Increased production of platelets – allows leukocytes to adhere

*Fever is generalized

Front 70

2. Exudation and characteristics

Back 70

* Diapedisis
* Swell+pain+loss of function
* Increase produce of fibrin (blood clotting), basis 4 repair
* Phagocytosis is occurring, lymphocytes start produce anti-bodies
* Serous exudate
>>Occurs in pneumonia, viruses

* Fibrinous exudate
>>Seen on outer surfaces of organs
>>Can lead to adhesion – pulls structures together that shouldn’t be together

* Perulant exudate
* Hemmoroagic exudate
* Pseudomenbranous exudate
* Catarral exudate

Front 71

3. Resolution

Back 71

(should be)

* A return to normal

* Any damaged cell has to be autolyzed, and all bacteria destroyed

Front 72

4. Suppuration

Back 72

happens if resolution doesn’t occur

* Formation of large amounts of pus

Front 73

Lesions of inflammatory

Back 73

>Absess
>Fistula
>Boils
>Carbuncles
>Ulcers
>Granuloma

Front 74

Tubercles

Back 74

walled off bacteria

Front 75

Gumma

Back 75

in syphilis, it destroys genital tissue

Front 76

Vesicle

Back 76

fluid inside ex) blister

Front 77

Pustule

Back 77

contains pus , pimples

Front 78

Phlegmon

Back 78

general inflam process- cellulitis -- inflam spread thru muscle+facia

**Can result gangrene

Front 79

Repair and stages

Back 79

(occurs simultaneously)

* Regeneration
* Primary union
* Secondary
* Replacement

Front 80

Regeneration

Back 80

adjacent health tissue grows over area

Front 81

Primary union

Back 81

where edge of inflam are in close proximity to eachother .
lack of scar tissue

Front 82

Secondary

Back 82

edges not close, scar tissue

Front 83

Replacement

Back 83

formation of scar tissue

Front 84

Catarral exudate

Back 84

consists of mucous, ex) a cold

Front 85

Pseudomenbranous exudate

Back 85

coagulated fiber, ex) diphtheria

Front 86

Hemmoroagic exudate

Back 86

consists of red blood cells ex) blood blister

Front 87

Perulant exudate

Back 87

consists mainly of pus (White blood cells, dead and living bacteria)

Front 88

Fibrinous exudate

Back 88

large amounts throid

outer surfaces of organs

possible adhesion

Front 89

Serous exudate

Back 89

consists of mainly fluid, very few cells

>>Occurs in pneumonia, viruses

Front 90

Diapedisis

Back 90

Swell+pain+loss of function
Increase produce of fibrin (blood clotting), basis 4 repair
taking products out of vascular system to the tissues

Front 91

Iatrogenic

Back 91

condition that arrives from treatment

Front 92

Alopecia

Back 92

hair loss due to treatment (chemotherapy and radiation)