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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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vit A deficiency syndromes
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night blindness, squamous metaplasia, infection
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Vit D deficiency syndromes
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rickets, osteomalacia, deformation of skeleton, cartilage overgrowth, leg bowling
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what goes wrong in vit D deficiency
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decreased Ca, phosphate absorption
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vit E defiency syndromes
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spinocerebellar degeneration, low birth weight, poor liver fcn. Anemia, poor joint sensation
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vit K deficiency syndromes
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bleeding diathesis
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vit B1 (thiamine) deficiency syndromes
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beriberi, heart failure, neuropathy. Wernicke, Korsakoff syndrome(alcohol)
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vit B2 (riboflavin) deficiency syndromes
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cheilosis, flossitis, dermatitis, corneal vascularization. (1B, 2C, 3Ds)
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vit B3 (niacin) deficiency syndromes
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pellagra-3Ds-dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea
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vit B6(pyridoxine) deficiency syndromes
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cheilosis, peripheral neuropathy.
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vit B12 deficiency syndrome
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megaloblastic pernicious anemia
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signs of CO poisoning
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cherry red skin, sluggish, headache, memory probb, slow speech
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primary classification for ID involves
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comparison of unique features with national data banks.--fingerprints, dental records, x rays, mito DNA. Definitive
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secondary identificaation inolves
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presumptive. Comparing unique features with specific records of a missing indiv to confirm ID. Dog tags, car
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where in the brain is necrosis most usually affected in CO poisoning?
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globus pallidum
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6 yr old male is pale, irritable. Visited Mexico, brought back ceramic dishes. Low Hct, Hg, MCV. Inc WBC
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lead poisoning
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lead causes partial inhibition of heme synthesis leading to
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erythroid hyperplasia and reticulocystosis
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lead poisoning presents with
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basophilic stipllic in bone marrow, microcytic anemia, renal damage in prox tubules, headaches, decreased brain devel, nausea, vomiting
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sources of lead in US
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spray paint, flakes, mining, battery burning, water
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treatment of lead poisoning
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EDTA, metal chelation, blood transfusion
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used in synthesis of polyvinyl resins. What toxin
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vinyl chloride
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generated in mining, electroplating, battery production
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cadmium
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historic poison, herbal medicine, wood preservatives, mines and smelting industries, ground water in China
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arsenic
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contamination of food(rice oil) intentional poison (Ukraine politics)
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dioxin, PCB
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pesticides (DDT, Lindane)
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organochlorines
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carnivours fish, power plants dental amalgams, gold mining
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mercury
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combustion of fossil fuel, tar, soot
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polycyclic hydrocarbons
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rubber workers, other occupations exposure
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benzene
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liver angiosarcoma
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vinyl chloride
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obstructive lung disease, renal tubular damage
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cadmium
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highly fatal: GI, CV, CNS-interferes with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
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arsenic
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skin folliculitis and chloracne
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dioxin, PCB
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endrocrine disruption; anti estrogenic or anti androgenic
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organochlorines(DDT)
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neuromotor, cognitive and behavior disruption
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mercury (mad hatter)
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one of the most potent carcinogens (lung, bladder cancer)
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polycyclic hydrocarbons
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leukemia
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benzene
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7 month old male infant with slow growth and mild mental retardation. Dysmorphic facial features, behavioral difficulties, low for weight/height, motor/cognitive skill delays
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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gross features of fetal alcohol syndrome
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small head, epicanthal folds, flat midface, smooth philtrum, small eyes, thin upper lip, small distal phalanges, hypotonia, motor dysfunction, cardiac murmurs
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How is alcohol thought to produce its effects?
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may be a direct toxin to tissues. May also impair placental transfer of essential aa and zinc
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hepatic changes associated with chronic alcohol consumption
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steatosis-enlarged, greasy liver, fibrosis, cirrhosis
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35 yr man agitated, confused, covered in vomit. Tremor, scratching incessantly. T=108F, 240/160, dilated pupils, perforated nasal septum, S3,S4 heart sounds
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alcohol, drugs. COCAINE
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cocaine fcn
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extreme vasoconstrictor. Promotes release of dopamine, norepinephrine and blocks reputake
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major active metabolites of cocaine?
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BE-•Benzoylecgonine can be detected 60 hrs after use
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cardiac effects of cocaine toxicity
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potent vasoconstrictor-increased myocardial O2 demand, coronary artery spasm, elevated platelet aggregation, arrythmias
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major active metabolites of heroine
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6 MAM
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other major complications with increased morbidity and mortality with cocaine abuse
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perforated septum, hemoptysis, rhabdomyelysis, pulmonary edema, infarction, seizures, paranoia, hepatic necrosis
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causes of sudden death in adults
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CV, lung, CNS. atherosclerotic heart disease, valvular disease. Pneumonia, asthma, allergic, embolism. Cerebrovascular disease, meningitis, brain tumors, seizures. GI hemorrhage, drug overdose
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how are deaths classified?
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cause and manner. Cause-underlying disease or injury that results in death. Manner-opinion of treating physician on how pt died-natural, accidental, homicide, suicide, undetermined
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disease or injury that initiated the lethal chain of events that brought about a person’s death
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cause of death
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cause of death examples
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arteriosclerotic heart disease, metastatic breast cancer, multiple blunt force injuries, gunshot wound to head, hanging, drowning, shaken baby syndrome
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nonspecific, final common pathway by which the cause of death exerts its lethal effect
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mechanism of death
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Etiologically specific, Can stand alone on a death certificate
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cause of death
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broad differential, Cannot stand alone on a death certificate
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mechanism of death
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mechanism of death ex
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cardioresp arrest, exsanguination, hypoxia
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How the cause of death came about or the circumstances under which the person died
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manner of death
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classificaiton of manner of death
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natural, accident, suicide, homicide, undetermined
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Usually (but not always) determined by the autopsy
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cause of death
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Usually (but not always) determined by the death investigation
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manner of death
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3 basic types of blunt forces
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abrasion, contusion, laceration
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blunt trauma producing removal of superficial surface
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abrasion(scrape)
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blunt traumua resulting in extravasatin of blood into a tissue by rupture of small vessels, but not surface. May cause a hematoma
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contusion(bruise, crush injury(
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blunt trauma cuasing a shearing or crushing force to tear tissue apart. Irregular edges, tissue bridges present
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laceration(tear, split)
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a lacerating injury produced by tangential force in which a segment of tissue is ripped from thebody
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avulsion
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what is present within macrophages 24 hours of injury?
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hemosiderin
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what is a contrecoup contusion to the brain?
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hemorrhage on opposite side of impact. When brain is moving and hits unmoving object.--fall
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postmortem decomposition is characterized by 2 processes
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autolysis, putrefaction-tissue breakdown due ot bacterial action.
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features of putrefaction
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gas formation with bloated abdomen, green skin, marbling of skin, skin slippage, loss of hair and nails
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sharp force injury produced by sharp wedge. Wider than deep. Clean linear margins without tissue briding
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incised wound(cut)
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sharp force injury produced by a point. Depper than wide. Perforating, not penetrating
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puncture wound(stab)
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injury that indicates nature of isntrument
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patterned injury
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injury produced during act of warding off an atack. Forearms and palms
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defense wound
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self inflicted non fatal superficial wounds produced during contemplation or attempt of suicide. Horizontal wounds of wrist
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hesitation marks
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adverse effects of ionizing radiation
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fibrosis, mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, teratogenesis
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early changes after radiation injury
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sterlity, depression of hematoposis, pulm edema, GI mucosal injury
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later changes after radiation injury
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dyspigmentation, atrophy, pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, scarring, adhesions, keloids
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