Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Name two growth-inhibitory signals
|
TGF-beta
cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) |
|
|
Lymphatic spread is more characteristic of what type of cancer?
|
Carcinomas
|
|
|
Hematogenous spread is more characteristic of what type of cancer?
|
Sarcomas
|
|
|
Hematogenous spread follows arterial or venous drainage?
|
Venous
|
|
|
What are common sites of metastasis through hematogenous spread?
|
Liver and lung
|
|
|
Which carcinomas have an affinity for vein invasion?
|
Renal cell carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
|
Which family of CDK inhibitors have a broader action?
|
CIP/WAF family
|
|
|
Which CDK inhibitors are part of the CIP/WAF family?
|
p21
p27 p57 |
|
|
Which family of CDK inhibitors have selective inhibition of cyclinD/CDK4 and cyclin D/CDK6?
|
INK family
|
|
|
Which CDK inhibitors are part of the INK family?
|
p15
p16 p18 p19 |
|
|
UV light causes cross linking of what type of residues?
|
Pyrimidine
|
|
|
Tumor giant cells are common in dysplasia or anaplasia?
|
Anaplasia
|
|
|
Number of doublings for neoplasm to require more blood supply
|
20 (10^6 cells, 1 mg)
|
|
|
Number of doublings for neoplasm to be detectable
|
30 (10^9 cells, 1 gm)
|
|
|
Maximum number of doublings for compatibility with life.
|
40 (10^12 cells, 1 kg)
|
|
|
How does ovarian carcinoma commonly metastasize?
|
Direct seeding of body cavities or surfaces
|
|
|
What is the GADD45 gene involved in?
|
DNA repair
-p53 causes expression of GADD45 to repair damaged DNA |
|
|
What is the MDM2 gene involved in?
|
Degradation of p53 when DNA repair is successful. Cell cycle continues
|
|
|
What mutation occurs in the RAS gene to turn it from a protooncogene to an oncogene?
|
Mutation in GAP-induced breakdown of GTP to GDP
|
|
|
Translocations are common in which type of neoplasms?
|
Hematopoietic
|
|
|
The Philidelphia chromosome is associated with which chromosome?
|
Chromosome 22 as a result of a (9:22) BCR-ABL translocation
|
|
|
Which gene mutations change a protooncogene into an oncogene?
|
Point mutation
Translocation Gene amplification |
|
|
Which gene mutations cause loss of tumor suppressor genes?
|
Deletion
|
|
|
Deletions are common in which type of neoplasms?
|
Non-hematopoietic
|
|
|
Are epigenetic changes a type of gene mutation?
|
No-hypermethylation or hypomethylation
|
|
|
What genes are involved in the RB pathway?
|
RB
INK4 Cyclin D/CDK |
|
|
What genes are involved in the p53 pathway?
|
p53
p14ARF HDM2 |
|
|
What needs to occur in order for an initiator to cause carcinogenesis?
|
Damage must overwhelm repair mechanisms
Damage must be replicated at least once to become permanent |
|
|
Cancers that typically have high growth fractions
|
Lymphoma
Leukemia Small cell CA |
|
|
What are tumor initiating cells?
|
Cancer stem cells-not all neoplasms contain TICs
|
|
|
What proteolytic enzymes are secreted by invasive tumor cells in order to metastasize?
|
Type IV collagenase
Plasminogen factor Serine proteases Cysteine proteases MMPs |
|
|
What are the different types of carcinogens?
|
Initiators
Promoters |
|
|
How are pro carcinogens usually metabolically activated?
|
Metabolism by CYP450
|
|
|
What is the use of the Ames test?
|
To determine whether a particular chemical is an initiator.
|
|
|
Name two growth factors?
|
EGF (epidermal growth factor)
PDGF (platelet derived growth factor) |
|
|
What is the role of BCL-2?
|
Anti-apoptosis gene
|
|
|
What is the role of BAX?
|
Promotes apoptosis
|
|
|
What does E7 bind to?
|
RB protein
|
|
|
What does E6 bind to?
|
p53
|
|
|
What cells do EBV infect?
|
Epithelial cells of oropharynx
B cells (via CD21) |
|
|
Cleavage products from what places are growth-promoting, and have angiogenic and chemotactic activity?
|
Collagen
Proteoglycans |
|
|
How do neoplastic cells protect themselves from destruction in blood vessels?
|
Adhesion to each other and to platelets
|
