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407 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cerebellar Abiotrophy
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Atrophy of the cerebellum after it has reached its full size
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Copper deficiency
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In Sheep
"Swayback" |
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Lesions of Copper deficiency
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necrosis of the white matter
hydranencephaly axonal degeneration-enzootic ataxia |
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Ezootic Ataxia
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Axonal degeneration that results from Copper Deficiency
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Hypomyelinogenesis
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Failure of myelin to develop
affects sheep, pig, dogs |
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Signs of hypomyelinogenesis
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Tremors
Shaking Abnormal wool |
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Causes of hypomyelinogenesis
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Inherited-pigs & dogs
Border disease-sheep |
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Border disease
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Causes "hairy shakers"
abnormal wool=looks like hair w/ shaking Causing hypomyelinogenesis & hydranencephaly |
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Spina Bifida
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Failure of the spine to completely close during development, allowing the meninges and/or spinal cord to protrude
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Meningomyelocele
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Meninges & Spinal Cord protrude through opening in spine
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Meningocele
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meninges protrude through opening in spine
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Signs of Edema in the nervous system
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swelling of the brain, flattening the gyri, forcing cerebellum into foramen magnum
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2 Sources of edema in the nervous system
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Vasogenic-intercellular
Cytotoxic-intracellular |
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Vasogenic edema of the nervous system
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usually focal
-seen with neoplasia, inflammation & trauma |
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Cytotoxic edema of the nervous system
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from toxins=salt & lead
cause neuronal necrosis Also from hepatoencephalopathy (liver disease) |
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2 Causes of infarcts in the nervous system
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Feline ischemic encephalopathey
Emboli |
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Feline ischemic encephalopathy
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Idiopathic disease that causes necrosis in the cerebrum
Causes siezures, ataxia, blindness & behavor changes |
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2 sources of emboli in the nervous system
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Bacterial
fibrocartilaginous |
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Bacterial emboli in the nervous system
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With systemic infection=multifocal, hemorrhagic infarcts & encephalitis
Hemophilus somnus in cattle |
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Fibrcartilagenous emboli in the nervous system
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An emboli of disk material that lodges in the spinal cord causing infarction
in pigs & dogs |
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Signs of a fibrocartilagenous emboli in the nervous system
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discolored/ swollen/ hemorrhagic spinal cord
Sudden onset posterior paralysis |
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Hemorrhage & contusion in the nervous system
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Usually caused by trauma
also seen with other pathologic events, necrosis, infarction, & iatrogenic |
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Types of degenerative lesions of axons
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Compression
Toxins Degenerative myelopathy |
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Compression degenerative lesions of axons
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Herniation of intervertebral disk
Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy |
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Herniation of intervertebral disk
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Most common in long backed (chondrodystrophoid) breeds
Causes sudden posterior paralysis/paresis and pain |
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Compression of axons
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Degeneration of neurons in white matter & loss of myelin
Microscopically, axons are lost & myelin sheath is swollen, leaving vacuoles of different sizes. |
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Hydromyelia
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dilation of central canal of spinal cord
causes pressure atrophy of surrounding cord |
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Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy
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"wobbler syndrome"-horses
caused by malformed cervical vertebrae=stenosis of spinal canal or damaged articular surfaces=increased movement of vertebrae |
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Toxins that cause Degenerative lesions of axons
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Organophosphates
Copper deficiency |
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Organophosphates role in creating degenerative lesions of axons
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exposure causes a delayed neurotoxicity, causing degeneration of distal axons in both central & peripheral nervous systems
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Signs of Organophosphate toxicity
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Ataxia
weakness proprioceptive deficit paralysis |
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Degenerative myelopathy
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no known cause, no gross lesions
affects young horses & old dogs leads to progressive ataxia in all 4 limbs Wallerian degeneration of entire spinal cord |
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Lesions of Necrosis in the nervous system
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Usually no gross lesions
microscopically, neurons are red (instead of blue) Edema often seen |
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Polioencephalomalacia
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=necrosis of the cerebral cortical gray matter
gray matter becomes soft to touch, & visibily yellow |
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Causes of Polioencephalomalacia
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Thiamine deficiency
Salt poisoning Lead toxicity Hypoxia/ischemia Neonatal maladjustment syndrome Leukoencephalomalacia Clostridium perfringes type D |
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Thiamine deficiency
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Usually a problem in cattle, who produce Thiamine in the rumen, but can be destroyed before absorption by an alteration of rumenal flora
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Causes of Thiamine deficiency
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Altered diet
-high concentrate diets -high molases diets -high sulfate diets all cause an alter rumenal flora |
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Signs of Thiamine deficiency in cattle
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blindness
paresis recumbency teeth grinding opisthotonus extensor rigidity |
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Salt poisoning
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Presents similar to Thiamine deficiency, but more commonly in pigs
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Pathogenesis of Salt poisoning
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Sudden rehydration after prolonged dehydration, causes brain edema & neuronal necrosis-lead to polioencephalomalacia
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Lead toxicity
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Usually seen in ruminants from lick lead paint or batteries
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Signs of lead toxicity
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excitable/hyperactive
bellowing seizures blindness staggering recumbent w/ tremors |
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Hypoxia/ischemia of the nervous system
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cerebral cortex, hippocampus & Purkinje fibers extra sensitive
can occur with prolonged seizures & anasthesia -can lead to polioencephalomalacia |
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Neonatal maladjustment syndrome
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occurs in foals following a dystocia, in which they suffered hypoxia/ischemia
they wander, have seizures and don't suckle |
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Leukoencephalomalacia
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necrosis of the white matter
occurs in horses after ingesting moldy corn, infected w/ Fusarium fungus |
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Lesions of Leukoencephalomalacia
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Thickened, yellow, edematous white matter
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Signs of Polioencephalomalacia
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Staggering
weakness circling depression head pressing Seizures/excitability, then death (only takes a few hours) |
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Role of Clostridium perfringens type D infection necrosis of the nervous system
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Seen after an animal recovers from intitial enteritis, because bacteria produce toxins that reach & affect the brain
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lesions of Clostridium perfringens type D infection
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Neuronal necrosis & hemorrhage of the basal ganglia, cerebellar peduncle & internal capsule
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Perivascular cuffing
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a general response to injury in the CNS
Inflammatory cells (usually lymphs) |
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Common bacterial infection of the nervous system
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Listeria
Hemophilus somnus |
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Meningitis
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usually caused by bacterial infections
=inflammation of the leptomeninges, pia and arachnoid -seen as predominantly neutrophils may lead to fibrosis purulent meninges |
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Menigoencephalitis
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A meningitis that extends down into neuropil
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Neuropil
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The fibers that make up nervous tissue
-the pink background of a normal section |
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Abscesses in the nervous systems caused by bacteria
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generally w/in the epidural, subdural or neutropil as focal abscesses
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Choroiditis
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localized inflammation of the choroid
may cause exudate to be seen in the ventricles |
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Ependymitis
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localized inflammation of the ependyma
may cause exudate to be seen in the ventricles |
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Sources of bacterial infection of the nervous system
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usually hemotogenous
also for neighboring structures=middle ear or penetrating wounds |
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Listeria
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Important pathogen in cattle
enters through mouth following trauma, migrates up cranial nerves Produces multifocal purulent encephalitis & microabscesses in brainstem |
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Signs of listeria infection
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circling
depressed attitude head pressing 7th cranial nerve paralysis=drooping of eyelid, lip or ear on one side |
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Hemophilus somnus infection
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a important infection of young cattle that produces TEME
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Lesions of Hemophilus somnus infection
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vasculitis w/ thrombosis of cerebral vessels
Creates gross multifocal hemorrhages Arthritis & pneumonia also common since commensal of respiratory tract that can become systemic |
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7 Congenital defects of nervous system
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hydrocephalus
hydranencephaly cerebellar hypoplasia cerebellar abiotrophy copper deficiency hypomyelinogenesis spina bifida |
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(3)Circulatory Disturbances of the nervous system
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edema
infarcts emboli |
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(3) degenerative lesions of neurons
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lysosomal storage diseases
transmissible spongiform encephalopathy chromatolysis |
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(3) degenerative lesions of axons
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compression
toxins degenerative myelopathy |
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(3)causes of necrosis in the nervous system
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polioencephalomalacia
hypoxia/Ischemia neonatal maladjustment syndrome leukoenaphalomalacia clostridium perfringens type D |
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(4) causes of inflammation of the nervous system
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bacteria
viruses fungi parasites |
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(6) neoplasms of the nervous system
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meningioma
glial cell tumors choraid plexus tumors ependymoma neuronal cell tumors schwann cell tumors |
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hydrocephlus
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dilation of ventricles
caused by a blockage CSF builds up causes pressure atrophy of overlying nervous tissue |
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causes of hydrocephalus
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aquined
primary neoplasm secondary inflammation congenital idiophatic |
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hydranenophaly
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dilation of ventricles
caused by a loss of overlying tissue (usually a cavity other than ventricles that fills w/ CSF) |
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causes of hydranencephaly
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blue tongue viruses-sheep
border disease-sheep BVD-cattle |
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cerebellar hypoplasia
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cerebellum fails to develop to normal size
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causesof cerebellar hypoplasia
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BVD-cattle
Panleukopenia- cats signs of cerebellar hypoplasia |
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lysosomal storage diseases of nervous system
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caused by deficiency of an enzymes in lysozomes
-usually an autosomal recessive condition in dogs & cats can be acquired by toxins that inhibit certain anzymes characterized by which materials accomulate |
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signs of a lysozomal storage disease
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ataxia \ shortly
incoordination after tremors / birth lead to death w/ in months no gross lesions but neurons appear foamy or granular microscopirally |
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transmissible spongiform enaphalopathy
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caused by priors
-affect young animals no gross lesions but many hales(vacuoles)microscopically in neurons + neurophil scrapie-sheep BSE-cattle |
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signs of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
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no clinical signs before 2 yrs. old
-long incubation period behavior changes ataxia pruritis(sheep) microscopically=vacuales in neurons + neuropil |
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chromatolysis
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occurs when a neurons is damaged or in axonal degeneration
dispersion of nissl substance.make cytoplasm look like ground glass |
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Lesions of Viral infections of the nervous system
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No gross lesions
perivascular cuffing Chromatolysis necrosis |
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Perivascular cuffing
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inflammation around blood vessels
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Causes of viral infections of the nervous system
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Rabies, Pseudorabies
Equine viral encephalitis Retrovirus Canine distemper Equine herpes virus 1 |
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Rabies infection
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Caused by a Rhabdovirus
produces Negri bodies has various clinical signs of neurologic disease Death occurs w/in 10 day of clinical signs |
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Negri bodies
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Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic accumulations of virus in neurons
A sign of Rabies infection |
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Pseudorabies
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herpes infection of pigs
Severity of disease depends on age of animal; young=severe neurologic disease, old=mild respiratory disease Highly contagious |
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Pseudorabies in other animals
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Intense purtitis
and usually fatal |
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Signs of Pseudorabies infection
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No gross lesions
Intranuclear viral inclusion bodies |
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Equine Viral encephalitis
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caused by a arbovirus
transmitted by mosquitoes Causes blindness & circling Paralysis & death in 1-2 days |
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Diseases caused by Retrovirus infection
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Caprine arthritis encephalitis
Visna in sheep |
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Lesions of Retrovirus infection
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demyelination in spinal cord
encephalomyelitis in kids arthritis & pneumonia in adults lead to paralysis & ataxia |
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Canine distemper
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caused by morbillivirus
Causes myoclonus (repetitive contraction) of muscles of mastication |
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"Myoclonus"
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Repetitive muscle contraction
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signs Canine distemper
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Affects respiratory, intestinal tracts & nervous system
Intranuclear & intracytoplasmic inclusions |
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Equine Herpes virus 1
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Usually causes abrotion, but can also cause neurologic disease=vasculitis & hemorrhage of the spinal cord & brain
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Signs of Equine Herpes virus 1
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Ataxia, paresis- may progress to recumbency
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Fungal infections infecting the nervous system
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produce granulomatous/ pyogranulomatous inflammation
Cryptococcus |
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Cryptococcus infection
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most common in cats
enter through nasal mucosa & progress up to brain Produce meningitis/ meningoencephalitis |
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Diagnosis of Viral infection
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Immunohistochemistry
Viral PCR |
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Parasites that affect the nervous system
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Multifocal inflammation & necrosis in gray & white matter
Equine Protozal myelitis Parelaphostrongylus tenuis |
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Equine Protozoal myelitis
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Caused by Sarcocystis neurona
No gross lesions Paralysis, paresis & ataxia |
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Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
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Affects sheep & llamas
caused by a nematode from deer Infection limited to spinal cord-causing Paralysis, paresis & ataxia |
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Idiopathic diseases of the nervous system
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Granulomatous meningoencephalitis
Cauda equina neuritis |
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Granulomatous meningoencephalitis
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affects dogs
no gross lesions mainly affects white matter |
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Cauda equina neuritis
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Granulomatous inflammation w/ fibrosis of the cauda equina nerves in EQ
causing incontinence, perineal anesthesia & tail paralysis |
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6 Neoplasias of the nervous system
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Glial cell tumors
Choroid plexus tumors Ependymoma Neuronal cell tumor Schwann cell tumor |
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Glial cell tumors
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Astrocytoma
oliogodendroglial tumor microglial tumor |
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Astrocytoma
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Most common Glial cell tumor
Usually in short-faced breeds tan, gray or white masses in cerebral cortex |
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Choroid plexus tumors
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Vascular, red & friable grossly
usually in the 4th ventricle adenomas & adenocarcinomas |
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Meningioma
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Most common tumor in the CNS
Ventral in dogs Dorsal in cats white/gray fibrous mass on surface of brain |
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Ependymoma
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Rare
inside ventricles (like Choroid tumors) but white/gray/tan |
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Neuronal cell tumors
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Rare
usually in peripheral nervous system firm, white nodules= ganglioneuroma |
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Schwann cell tumor
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"Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor"
Uncommon usually in dog, usually in peripheral nervous system in skin & brachial plexus= unilateral limb paralysis |
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Characteristic of Bacterial infection of nervous system
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Neutrophils
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Characteristic of Viral infection of nervous system
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Lymphs, plasma cells
Perivascular cuffing |
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Characteristic of Parasite infection of nervous system
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Eosinophils
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Fusobacterium necrophorum in the oral cavity
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Gram - bacteria
affects young cattle causes ulceration & caseous proliferations in mouth & larnyx introduced by trauma |
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Actinobacillus/actinomyces in the oral cavity
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Cause wooden tongue & lumpy jaw-firm, fibrous, nodular proliferations of jaw & tongue
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Gingival hyperplasia
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Proliferation of the gingiva usually caused by chronic periodontal disease in dogs
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6 Neoplasias of the oral cavity
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Melanoma
Squamous cell carcinoma fibrosarcoma epulis papilloma Tooth germ tumors |
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Melanoma in the oral cavity
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Tumor of melanocytes, only occur in the oral cavities of dogs
usually malignant |
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Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity
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malignant tumor of squamous epithelium occurs in oral cavity of cat & dog
common on the cats tongue |
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Fibrosarcoma in the oral cavity
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tumor of fibroblasts in the oral cavity in dogs occur as malignant solitary nodules
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Epulis
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benign tumor of dog gingiva
arises from the peridontal ligament resembles gingival hyperplasia grossly |
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Papilloma in the oral cavity
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a wart caused by papilloma virus usually seen on skin
also occur in oral cavity of dogs & rumen of cattle usually clear on own |
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Tooth germ tumors
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Ameloblastoma
odontoma more common in young animals generally benign |
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Ameloblastoma
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tumor of enamel-producing cells (tumor cells don't make enamel though)
can be locally invasive to the underlying bone |
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Odontoma
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Benign tumor
look like fully-formed/ misshapen teeth |
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Disturbances of the teeth
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Enamel hypoplasia
Excessive tartar |
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Enamel hypoplasia
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Enamel fails to form on teeth
leaves weaker dentin exposed so teeth chip & break easily |
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Causes of enamel hypoplasia
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Canine distemper
too much flourine |
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Lesions of salivary glands
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Ranula
Mucocele Sialoadenitis Salivary gland adenocarcinoma |
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Mucocele
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a distended salivary gland duct caused by an obstruction, fills with mucous
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Sialoadenitis
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inflammation of the salivary gland
RATS |
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Salivary gland adenocarcinoma
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Solitary nodules in submandibular region
occur in dogs/cats & will metastasize to local LN & lung Must differentiate from thyroid & LN tumors |
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Ulcerative lesions of the esophagus
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BVD
Malignant catarrhal fever Choke |
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Choke
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in the horse of dry, course feed
produce annular ulcers in the esophagus, heal by fibrosis & constriction which predispose to reoccurrence |
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Proliferative lesions of the esophagus
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white/yellow caseous material, forms plaques in esophagus
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Causes of proliferative lesions of the esophagus
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Avain pox
Hypovitaminosis A Candida Trichomonas |
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Avian Pox
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white/yellow caseous plaques in oral cavity, crop & esophagus
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Hypovitaminosis A
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Causes keratinization of the esophagus & internal glands & other places lined with epithelium
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Candida (Thrush)
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yeast infection in immunocompromised animals
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Trichomonas
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Protozoal infection in the crop & esophagus
usually pigeons |
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Physical distrubances of the esophagus
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Megaesophagus
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Megaesophagus
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dilation of the esophagus
can be congenital-persistant right aortic arch or secondary-myasthenia gravis |
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Edematous lesions of the Stomach/Abomasum
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usually seen in animals with hypoproteinemia
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Edema disease
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occurs in swine w/ E. coli infection
Rugal folds of stomach appear pronouncedly swollen |
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Causes of ulcerative lesions of the stomach/abomasum
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Gasterophilus (bot) larvae
Stress Steroids/NSAIDs |
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Gasterophilus larvae
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Stomach bots
cause no clinical disease ulcerate along the margo plicatus |
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Causes of hemorrhage in the stomach/abomasum
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Heavy metals
Uremia BVD lesions much redder than normal post-mortem congestion may even be black/brown from digested blood |
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Heavy metals affect of the stomach/abomasum
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Arsenic & Mercury
Anticoagulant poisoning cause ulceration w/ hemorrhage in abomasum & intestines |
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Lesions of Uremia in the stomach/abomasum
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Uremia damages blood vessels leading to ulceration & hemorrhage
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Physical disturbances of the stomach/abomasum
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Bloat
Gastric destention w/ volvulus Displaced abomasum Rupture Phytobezoars trichobezoars |
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Bloat
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Gas distention of the stomach
usually in horses eating too much grain leads to CV failure, shock, death & stomach rupture |
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Gastric distention w/ volvulus
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usually deep-chested dogs
gas distention interfers w/ venous return, causing death w/in hours |
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Vovulus
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rotation of stomach around esophageal junction
(not a torsion) |
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Displaced abomasum
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movement of the abomasum in cattle, usually @ or after parturition
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Stomach rupture
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usually in horses w/ intestinal blockage or gas distention
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Phytobezoars
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Balls of plant material in the stomach
usually incidental until block pylorus |
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Trichobezoars
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Balls of hair in the stomach
usually incidental until block pylorus |
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7 Causes of Proliferative lesions of the stomach/abomasum
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Hyperplasia
Gastric carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Lymphoma Leiomyoma Eosinophilic gastroenteritis Draschia megastoma |
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Hyperplasia of the stomach/abomasum
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Most common cause is Ostertagia in cattle producing cobblestone appearance w/ small raised, white plaques
But many other parasites can cause hyperplasia |
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Gastric carcinoma
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really an adenocarcinoma
highly malignant tumor of dogs thickened fibrosis of stomach wall, may ulcerate metastasis to abdomen |
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Squamous cell carcinoma in stomach
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highly malignant tumor in horses' stomach
occur as ulcerated fibrous masses in the nonglandular region |
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Lymphoma in the stomach
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occurs in dogs & cats
homogenous smooth tan mass in stomach wall w/o fibrosis |
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Leiomyoma of the stomach
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benign tumor of smooth muscle
=discrete tan nodule in the wall beneath the mucosa |
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Eosinophilic gastroenteritis
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Grossly looks like a carcinoma
but filled w/ eosinophils & fibrosis |
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Draschia megastoma
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a nematode of horses
burrows into the glandular stomach causing nodules w/ a central pore no clinical significance |
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Causes of ulcerative lesions in the rumen
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Bloat
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Bloat in the rumen
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usually caused by grain overload or legumes
production of lactic acid damages the rumen mucosa Prone to secondary infection w/ fungi or fusobacterium |
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Bloat line
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Line along the esophageal mucosa
above the line is congested, below is pale-b/c negative pressure in thoracic cavity & bloat blood can't drain down the esophagus |
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Proliferative lesion of the rumen
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Papilloma
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Papilloma of the rumen
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white, wart-like growths caused by papilloma virus
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4 Causes of ulcerative lesions in the small intestines
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SALMONELLA
BVD Amoeba Ulcerative enteritis |
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Salmonella
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affects the large intestines of horses & pigs
Small intestines of cattle Produces hemorrhage, ulcers & fibrosis |
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BVD in the small intestines
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produces eliptical ulcers over the Peyer's patches
(nearly diagnostic for disease) |
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Amoeba in the small intestines
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Cause ulcerative enteritis in reptiles
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Ulcerative enteritis
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if young poultry=clostridium colinum infection
discrete, deep yellow ulcers & multifocal yellow spots on liver |
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Causes of fibrosis in the small intestines
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SALMONELLA
Necrotic enteritis Lesions can be as sheets of fibrosis |
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Necrotic enteritis
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in Chickens
caused by Clostridium perfringens produces diffuse necrosis w/fibronecrotic pseudomembrane |
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Causes of Hemorrhage in the small intestines
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DIC
Heavy metals Parvovirus Hookworms Clostridium perfringens Coccidia |
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DIC
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
in dogs & cats, clotting factors are exhausted, causing diffuse bleeding through the body including intestines |
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Heavy metal poisoning
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Arsenic & mercury poisoning in ruminants=hemorrhage in small intestines
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Parvovirus
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Viral infection of dogs & cats
virus destroys crypt cells causing ulceration & hemorrhage in dogs |
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Hookworms
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nematode parasite of dogs
worms dig into S.I. & suck out blood, leading to hemorrhage |
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Clostridium perfringens (A & C)
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bacterial infection causing diffuse intestinal hemorrhage in young (<2 weeks old) LA
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Coccidia
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with sever infections can produce acute hemorrhagic enteritis in cattle & birds
chronic infections in sheep produces raised plaques/ nodules |
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7 causes of Proliferative lesions in the small intestines
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Lawsonia intracellularis
granulomatous enteritis mycobacterium avium Coccida chronic obstruction Hemomelasma ilei idiopathic muscular hypertrophy |
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Lawsonia intracellularis
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infection in pigs
causes extreme thickening of intestinal mucosa, necrosis & hemorrhage Also occurs in horses & dogs |
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Granulomatus enteritis
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horses intestinal mucosa infiltrated w/ macrophages
but cause is idiopathic |
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Mycobacterium avium
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infects birds (sometimes mammals)
intestines are diffusely thickened by granulomatus inflammation |
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Idiopathic muscular hypertrophy
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occurs in distal ileum & esophagus of horses
usually no clinical disease unless the ileum becomes obstructed |
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Chronic obstruction of intestines
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can cause the muscularis to thicken @ site of obstruction
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Hemomelasma ilei
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occurs in the horse
red/brown plaques on serosa idiopathic cause, no clinical disease |
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3 Neoplasms of the small intestines
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Lymphosarcoma
Leiomyoma/leiosacroma Adenocarcinoma |
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Lymphosarcoma in the small intestines
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Causes segmental thickening of the intestinal walls
homogenous tan nodules, may be w/ hemorrhage & necrosis |
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Lieomyoma in small intestines
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Tumor of smooth muscle producing smooth tan nodules in the wall of intestines
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Lieosacroma
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Same appearance as lieomyoma
not very malignant & little metastasis potential |
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Adenocarcinoma of small intestines
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Tumor occurs as abundant fibrous tissue that forms a constricting annular band
Very malignant & will metastasize |
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5 Physical disturbances of the small intestines
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Torsion/volvulus
Intussusception Strangulation Hernia All produce diffuse congestion, hemorrhage & edema |
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Torsion of the small intestines
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Twisting of the intestines about itself
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Volvulus
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twist of the intestines about the mesenteric axis
seen commonly in horses blood gets in, but then can't get out |
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Strangulation of the small intestines
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When the intestines become trapped in a band of concective tissue
Usually caused by lipoma hanging from mesentaries by a fibrous band in horses |
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Hernia
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Entrapment of intestines in inguinal rings, open umbilicus or diaphragm
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7 Causes of excess fluid in a (otherwise) normal intestines
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E. coli
Rotavirus / coronavirus Cryptosporidia Clostridium perfrigens D Lymphangiectasia inflammatory bowel disease Panleukopenia None have gross lesions |
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Significance of E. coli infections
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can cause an excess of fluid in intestines in young pigs, foals & ruminants
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Rotavirus/coronavirus
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infections in young pigs & ruminants, that destroys villi epithelial cells
Causes malabsorption & diarrhea |
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Cryptosporidia
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Protozoal infection in young pigs & ruminants
Attach to microvillous of intestinal epithelium cells |
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Clostridium perfringens type D
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Infection in sheep from switching from poor quality to high quality feed-allows bacterial overgrowth
produce exotoxin= enterotoxemia |
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Lymphangiectasia
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idiopathic cause
dilation of lacteals of intestinal villi-causes malabsorption |
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease
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allergic enteritis in dogs & cats
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Panleukopenia
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caused by a parvovirus in cats
causes hypoplasia of cells in bone marrow & necrosis of intestinal crypts |
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3 Causes of ulceration in the large intestines
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Swine dysentery
Ulcerative colitis Shigella |
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Swine dysentery
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disease in pigs caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
Produces ulcerative & fibrinous colitis |
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Ulcerative colitis
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idiopathic
Ulcers & macrophages in the mucosa Seen in Boxers |
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Shigella
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Bacterial infection of primates causes ulcerative (& sometimes hemorrhagic) colitis
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6 Causes of Fibrinous/Necrotic/ Fibrinonecrotic colitis
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Salmonella
Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis Histomonas meleagridis Trichuris Strongyles antibiotics/NSAIDs |
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Salmonella in Large intestines
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usually affects horses
can cause ulcers/ hemorrhage / fibrinous / fibrinonecrotic |
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Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis
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mainly affects primates & rodents but can occur in ruminants
causes multifocal fibrinonecrotic colitis |
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Histomonas meleagridis
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protozoal infection of turkeys
causes caseous necrotic cores in the ceca that plug ceca |
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Trichuris
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whipworms-most infections don't cause disease
heavy infections cause fibrinous colitis in dogs & pigs |
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Strongyles, oral antibiotics & NSAIDs affect on large intestines
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cause fibrinous colitis in right, dorsal colon of horses
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4 Causes of hemorrhagic colitis
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Colitis X
Salmonella DIC Anticoagulant toxicosis |
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Colitis X
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a disease of horses, probably caused by overgrowth of clostridium
Produces hemorrhage in the colon wall, more so than the lumen |
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2 Causes of proliferative colitis
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Johne's Disease
Neoplasia |
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Johne's Disease
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caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in ruminants
produces a cerebellar fold (thickening) pattern in mucosa due to granulomatous inflammation |
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Neoplasms of the Large intestines
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Lymphoma
Adenocarcinoma Leiomyoma |
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4 Physcial disturbances of the large intestines
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Impaction
Dilation Atresia Coli/ani Torsion Intussusception |
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Intussusception of large intestines
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usually the cecum telescoping into the colon
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Impaction of the large intestines
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occurs in the large intestines of horses caused by enteroliths (mineralized concretions)-may lead to rupture
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Atresia coli/ani
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congenital defects seen in cattle
the colon ends as blind sac, that doesn't connect to outside or no anus forms |
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Dilation of the large intestines
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megacolon
can occur secondarily to spinal disc disease in dogs |
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Potomac horse fever
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Rickettsia infection on horses
insect vector patchy congestion of colon mucosa but no damage, & the colon fills w/ watery fluid |
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Causes of Ascites
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Chronic liver disease
Heart failure |
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Ascites
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the accumulation of clear, yellow fluid in the abdomen
-leaks from blood vessels |
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Causes of peritoneal edema
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E. coli
Hemoperitoneum |
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Edema disease
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E. coli infection in swine
- exotoxins cause edema of subcutis, stomach + mesentery |
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3 causes of fibrinous peritoneum
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Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Ruptuned bladder Feline infectious peritonitis |
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Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
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" hardware disease "
wire penetrates reticulum results in filrinous pericarditis + peritonitis |
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FIP
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Feline infectious peritonitis
Caused by corona virus -high protein fluid accumulates in body cavities w/strands of fibrin -small white plaques form on mesentry -granulomas form on organs + around blood vessels |
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Fat necrosis
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becomes mineralized
appears firm, chalky, yellow-brown plaques / nodules |
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5 causes of fat necrosis
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vitamin E deficiency
Pancreatitis Fescue toxicosis lipomas Idiopathic |
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Vitamin E deficiency
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when occur in cats causes fat necrosis in subcutis, amentum + mesentry
- common w/ all fish diets |
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How Pancreatitis causes fat necrosis
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in dog + cat
leakage of enzymes from pancreas causes necrosis of mesentric fat around the pancreas |
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3 causes of proliferative diseases of peritoneum
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chronic peritonitis
mesothelioma FIP |
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Mesothelioma
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neoplasm of mesothelial cells
- usually congenital in calves or aquired in old dogs produces multiple white nodules / plaques in abdomen, thorax or pericardium |
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Pancreatic hypoplasia
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exocrine pancreas doesn't develop
endocrine part is normal - in young German Shepherds - have a voracious appetite - large voluminous, foul-smelling feces b/c no digestive enzymes but have insulin production |
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Acute pancreatitis
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idiopathic cause
leads to necrosis + hemorrage of the pancreas fibrin also deposits Usually occurs in dogs, frequently in those who like to eat out of the trash |
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3 causes of nodular / proliferative lesions of pancreas
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Chronic pancreatitis
Neoplasia Hyperplasia |
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Chronic pancreatitis
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repeated pancreatitis causes healing by scarring
makes pancreas pale tan, firm + nodular |
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Neoplasms of the pancreas
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can affect exocrine + endocrine tissues
Adenomas - usually single yellow / white nodule Edenocarcinoma - large + infiltrative |
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Hyperplasia of pancreas
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incidental in dogs
small tan- white nodules of exocrines tissue |
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Significance of tan or brown liver
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modurate amounts of fat or glycogen deposits
Diffuse = pathologic focal / multifocal = physiologic |
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Significance of yellow liver
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large amounts of fat accumulation
usually because softer |
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Sinificance of green liver
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excess bile accumulation
- blockage of bile ducts - damage hepatic cells - too much coming in from breakdown of RBCs |
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Significance of red or red-brown livers
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congestives
- normal acurence @ necropsy |
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5 causes of lobular / reticular pattern in liver
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passive congestion
anemia lipid hepatotoxins cholongitis |
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Significance of lobular / reticular pattern in liver
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usually non-infecttious causes
disease process affecting specific areas of lobule makes lobules grassly visible |
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Passive congestion in lobular pattern of liver change
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the most common cause
- usually b/c of heart failure - also becomes congested = red / red - brown |
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Anemia in lobular pattern of liver change
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causes hypoxia of centrilobular cells
- causing lobular pattern |
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lipid in lobular pattern of liver change
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may accumulate diffusely or in centrilobular are alone
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Hepatotoxins in lobular pattern of liver change
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toxins can damage centrilobular cells
- makes then necrotic or accumulate lipids Drugs Toxic plants Chemicals |
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Cholangitis in lobular pattern of liver change
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inflammation of bile ducts
(uncommom, w/ bacterial infection) |
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Sources of insulin for animals
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Human insulin-100 units/ml
Porcine insulin-40 units/ml |
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Veterinary insulin
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Porcine
40 units/ml special (different) syringes, than human insulin |
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Differences in short-acting insulin preparations
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can be given IV or SC
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Differences in intermediate-acting insulin preparations
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suspensions given SC once daily or bid
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Differences in long-acting insulin preparations
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Suspensions given SC once daily
Larger particles slows absorption protein-binding slows elimination |
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Treatment for hyperglycemia
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From overdose of insulin or other cause
can given IV dextrose or Glucagon |
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Glucagon
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Used to treat hypoglycemia and shock
rapid onset & short duration |
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Signs of insulin reaction
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Hypoglycemia
rapid onset of weakness, confusion, convulsions w/ moist skin & rapid shallow breathing |
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Signs of a diabetic coma
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Hyperglycemia
Gradual onset of drowsiness, "dim vision" w/ dry, flush skin & acetone breath, thirst, rapid pulse |
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Significance of hormones of the adrenal cortex
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Glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids important in carbohydrate metabolism
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Addison's disease
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Hypoactive adrenal cortex
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Cushing's disease
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Hyperactive adrenal cortex
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Uses of glucocorticoids
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to replace from hypoactive adrenal gland
also as antiinflammatory (membrane stabilizer)- ↓ synthesis & release of inflammatory mediators & ↓ immune response |
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Adverse effects of glucocorticoids
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gi irritation
adrenal suppression ↓ immunity |
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Modifications to C-21 glucocorticoids/ mineralocorticoids affecting activity
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need -OH required for mineralocorticoid & important for glucocorticoid functions
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Modifications to C-11 glucocorticoids/ mineralocorticoids affecting activity
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-OH =active form
=O =prodrug form |
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Modifications to C-3 glucocorticoids/ mineralocorticoids affecting activity
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keto(=O) + 4,5 double bond required for activities of both
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Pharmacodynamics of adrenal cortex hormones
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lipid soluble
slow absorption in insoluble salts or oily vehicles to keep in place |
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Pharmacokinetics of adrenal cortex hormones
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well absorbed by route ROA
highly protein bound microsomal metabolism:cytochrome P450 oxidation & glucuronidation |
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Therapeutic uses of adrenal cortex hormones
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must remember adrenal suppression
may want to give every other day, ↓ dosage gradually or combine w/ a cytotoxic agent |
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Hydrocortisone
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Short-acting, active form
equal Glucocorticoid & mineralocorticoid action |
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Prednisone
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Intermediate-acting, pro-drug
more glucocorticoid than mineralocorticoid action |
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Dexamethasone
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Long-acting, all glucocorticoid action, no mineralocorticoid action
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Uses of mineralocorticoids
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To treat Addison's disease
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Uses of Adrenaocorticoid antagonists
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to treat Cushing's disease
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Actions of Adrenocorticoid antagonists
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Decrease synthesis of hormones
cytotoxic action MAO-B inhibitors -(↑ Dopamine= shuts down ACTH secretion) |
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Hormones to manipulate functions of growth or reproduction
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Growth hormones
Androgens Estrogens Progestins Gonadotropins Uterine stimulants |
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Growth hormones
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Somatotropins-sythetics
Potential for abuse |
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Adrogens
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from testes & adrenal glands
used to increase muscle mass & increase appetite -used in very sick patients -also for antiestrogenic effects |
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Massive necrosis
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whole lobule becomes necrotic
- but not all lobules Drug, toxic plants & chemicals Vitamin-E- selenium deficiency |
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Mosaic pattern of liver change
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large red & yellow areas of the liver
Similar to lobular pattern but more severe w/ larger gross lesions |
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2 causes of cirrhosis
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Chronic active hepatitis
Post - necrotic healing |
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Chronic active hepatitis
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idiopathic but important disease of dogs
causing liver Cirrhosis |
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Post necrotic Cirrhosis
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Fter massive necrosis liver undergoes healing, though most rarely survive the massive necrosis
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2 causes of liver fibrosis
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chronic heart failure
chronic cholangitis |
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Fibrosis of liver
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scarring w/o nodular regeneration
= retains normal shape, w/ white/tan lobular pattern |
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Chronic heart failure in causing liver fibrosis
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causes chronic passive congestion
- an irregular surface w/ small nodules or sheet of fibrin = nutmeg liver - makes liver very firm, but retains it's shape |
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Chronic cholangitis in causing Fibrosis of liver
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bile duct inflammation
- liver becomes firm & has lobular pattern |
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Focal / Multifocal liver changes
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generally caused by infections disease
produces multiple foci pf necrosis or nodules |
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4 Neoplasms of liver
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hepatocellular carcinoma
Billary adenoma / adenocarcinoma Metastatic carcinomas / sarcomas Nodular hyperplasia |
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Liver Cirrhosis
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Fibrosis & regeneration
Produces nodules that distart the normal architecture |
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
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In dog
Malignant can be single masses, or large & multilobulated brown w/ yellow (fat) & red (hemorrage) |
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Biliary adenoma / adenocarcinoma
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In dog & cat
Adenoma - single nodules, often cystic & filled w/ green or clear fluids (cat) Adenocarcinoma - multiple, firm, white nodules w/ depressed centers (dog) usually incidental findings |
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Metastatic carcinoma / sarcoma
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occurs commonly in the liver
multiple, firm white nodules |
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Hemangiosarcoma in liver
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can be primary or secondary
when primary appear as mulitiple, red nodules & blood-filled cysts |
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Nodules hyperplasia
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incidental finding (older dogs)
Solitary, discrete nodules soft & tan from fat accumulation |
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Cause of small liver
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Portosystemic shunts
- congenital or acquired - acquired - following chrinoc disease & cirrhosis causes↑in pressure backing up blood in portal system |
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Significance of distended bile ducts
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firm
seen in cattle & sheep w/ liver flukes become visible on surface of liver as thick, white tortuous channels |
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Hemorrhage of the Gall Bladder
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can occur w/ any bleeding disorder
DIC anticoagulant toxicosis |
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Fibrinous cholecystits
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inflammation of gall bladder
can occur w/ salmonella infection but not always seen |
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Significance of thick viscous opaque bile
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seen in animals w/ amonexia for a few days
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Cystic hyperplasia of gall bladder
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uncommon & incidental finding in dogs
the mucosa of gall bladder contains many small cysts or larger papillary / nodular growth |
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Diagnostic pieces of skin disease
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1. Histopath - "a must"
2. Signalment 3. History 4. Location of lesion(s) 5. Season 6. Presence / absence of pruritis |
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Why all skin diseases called dermatitis
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inflammatory cells have to come from blood vessels = in dermis
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Pustules
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Aggregates of neutrophills (+ possibly eo's) w/ in epidermis
yellow - white don't last long, before bursting & leaving a crust |
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Crust
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a scab of dried up accumulated
Keratin, inflammatory cells, serum & bacteria left when pustules burst. |
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Causes of pustular dermatitis
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superficial bacterial infections
folliculitis pemphigus foliaceus |
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Superficial bacterial infections
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can cause pustular dermatitis
usually a staph infection pustules occur in Keratin layer |
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Folliculitis
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inflammation of hair follicle
by infection w/ bacteria, fungi or mites causes pustules to form over the follicle |
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Pemphigus Foliaceus
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autoimmune disease, causing pustular dermatitis
Antibodies against intercellular bridges b/w Keratinocytes - cells separate, detach & float into the pustule - detached calls = acanthocytes / acantholytic cells |
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Vesicles
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cavaties w/ in or beneath the epidermis fiiled w/ fluid (edema Fluid)
less - than 5mm " blisters " |
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Bulla
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Same thing as vesicles only bigger than 5mm
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Spongiosus
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Edema between keratinocytes
common w/ dermatitis |
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Intracellular Edema
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Edema w/ in Keratinocytes
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Hydropic degenaration
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- Intracellular edema w/in basal epidermal cells appears as vacuoles
- Specific features of lupus erythematosis & dermatomyositis - can occur w/ drug reaction |
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Lupus erythematosis
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an autoimmune disease that causes hydropic degeneration
likes to manifest on nose of dogs & around eyes - can result in depigmentation |
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Ballooning Degeneration
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Intracellular edema w/in superficial Keratinocytes
- a feature of viral skin diseases - POX - FMD |
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Pemphigus vulgoris in the skin
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an autoimmune disease
causes suprabasilar vesicles w/ acantholytic cells antibodies directed @ Keratinocytes |
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Bullous Pemphigoid
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an autoimmune disease
antibodies againts basement membrane cause subepidermal vesicles |
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Macule
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flat, discolored area of skin < 1cm diameter usually red
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Papule
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a slightly raised area w/in the skin usually red
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Necrotizing dermatitis
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begins as macules / papules
these burst to form crusts & ulcers |
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Erythema multiforme
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Uncommom disease necrotizing dermatitis causes necrosis of single keratinocytes throughout epidermis
caused by adverse reactions to drugs for systemic infection & neoplasia |
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Toxic epidermal necrolysis
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an uncommom disease causing necrotizing dermatitis more severe form of erythema multiforme
Epidermal necrosis across thickness caused by adverse reaction to drugs for systemic infections or neoplasms |
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causes of necrotizing dermatitis
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erythema multiforme
toxic epidermal necrolysis burns photo sensitization |
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Photosensetization
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a necrotizing dermatitis
mostly in large animals affects only non-pigmented skin caused by ingestion of s photodynamic agent in feed or can occur secondary to chronic liver disease |
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causes of exudative & ulcerative dermatitis
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allergic skin disease
eosinophilic granuloma complex allergic contact dermatitis Irritant contact dermatitis Pyotraumatic dermatitis |
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Allergic skin disease
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most coomon cause of exudative dermatitis
most allergies in animals manifest as skin diseases - intensely pruritic |
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Atopy
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an inhalant allergy
most common cause of allergic skin disease |
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Eosinophilic granuloma complex in the skin
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group of 3 diseases that are all caused by hypersensitivity reaction(allergy)
Characterized by eo's & macrophages can produces nodules / papules and ulcers 1. Eosinophilic granuloma 2. Rodent ulcer 3. Eosinophili plaque |
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Allergic contact dermatitis
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allergic skin disease caused by contact w/ allergic substance = delayed-type hypersensitivity
- usually in sparsely haired areas |
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HyperKeratotic diseases
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Seborrhea
Parakeratotic hyperkaratosis(parakeratosis) OrthoKeratotic hyperkeratosis(hyperKeratosis) |
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Irritant contact dermatitis
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caused by contact w/ irritating substances
i.e. drugs, soaps, acids usually in thinnly hained areas lesions appear more immediately than allergies may cause erythematous papules / ulcers / crusts |
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Pyotraumatic dermatitis
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" hot spots "
severe exudative dermatitis in dogs caused by self-inflicted trauma from biting / scratching pruritic areas from allergic skin disease |
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Hyperkeratosis
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excess Keratin on skins surface
- grossly produces flakes / scales on skin |
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OrthoKeratotic hyperkeratosis
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" hyoerkeratosis " Keratinized cells lack nuclei
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Parakeratotic hyperkeratosis
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" parakeratosis "
Keratinized cells retain their nuclei is diagnostic of zinc-deficiency and vitamin A- responsive dermatoses, when really severe |
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Seborrhea
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excess sebaceous gland secretions may be dry or oily, flakes / scales on skin
can be a primary - inherited disease or secondary w/ other skin disease |
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Hyperplastic Dermatitis
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= acanthosis
can occur w/ any chronic skin disease skin appears thickened & may have a leathery texture may appear w/ increased pigmentation |
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Acanthosis
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Hyperplasia of the epidermis
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Lichenification
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leathery texture of skin
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4 Cutaneous neoplasias
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Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma Papilloma Intrecutaneous cornifying epithelioma = Keratoacanthoma |
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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a malignant neoplasm
- usually in non-pigmented skin due to exposure to sunlight skin & oral cavity of dogs Penis, eye & stomach of horse eye of cow nose, pinna - cat Treat w/ radiator theraphy |
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Melanoma
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tumor of melanocytes
can be benign or malignant pigmented or nan-pigmented Dog: skin - usually benign mouth - usually malignant Horse: perineum of gray horse = many benign masses |
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Papilloma
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wart, caused by papilloma virus
multiple tumors found in young animals - regress over several months - cattle mostly ( horses, & dogs) |
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Intarcutaneous cornifying epithelioma
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Keratoacanthoma
cane benign tumor of dogs - squamous epithelial cells |
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6 adnexal Neoplasms
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Basal cell tumor
Trichoepithelioma Pilomatricoma Sebaceous gland tumor Sweat gland tumor Perianal gland tumor |
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Basal cell tumors
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Neoplasms of basal cells only
- benign in the dog & cat |
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Trichoepithelioma
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benign tumor of dog
- from hair follicle - produces hair & hair follicles |
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Pilomatricoma
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benign tumor of dogs
- from hair marix - only makes hair |
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Sebaceous gland tumor
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adenomas or adenocarcinoma
one of most common tumor of dog skin |
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Sweat gland tumors
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adenomas or adenocarcinomas - more common rare tumor of dogs
- Produces sweat so can become cystic |
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Perianal gland tumor
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usually benign tumor of dogs
- very commom, especially in male dogs - from perianal glands |
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7 Dermal Neoplasms
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Histocytoma
mast cell tumor fibroma / fibrosarcoma Sarcoid Lipoma Plasma cell tumor |
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Histiocytoma
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very common, benign tumor of dogs
- usually from the langerhans cells in young dogs - grow very fast - may regress own it's own |
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Mast cell tumors
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very common
benign or malignant - occur mainly in dogs, but also cat & horse |
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Fibroma
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benign tumor of dogs & cats from fibroblasts
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Fibrosarcoma
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malignant tumor of cats from fibroblasts
- can be spontaneous or secondary to vacination locally invasive but don't metastasize well |
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Anal sac carcinomas
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metastasize readily
- more common in female dogs |
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Sarcoid
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benign but does recurr
- a tumor of fibroblasts of horses |
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lipoma
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very common benign tumor of dog
- from adipocytes |
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Plasma cell tumor
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benign tumor of dog
from plasma cells in skin + oral cavity |
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Hemangioma
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benign tumor of vascular epithelium , in dogs
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Hemanigosarcoma
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malignant tumors of endothelium
- recur locally - metastasize |
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Mosaic pattern of liver change
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large red & yellow areas of the liver
Similar to lobular pattern but more severe w/ larger gross lesions |
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Massive necrosis
|
whole lobule becomes necrotic
- but not all lobules Drug, toxic plants & chemicals Vitamin - E - Selenium deficiency |
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liver cirrhosis
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fibrosis & regeneration
Produces nodules that distort the normal architecture |
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2 causes of cirrhosis
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Choric active hepatitis
Post - necrotic healing |
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Chronic active hepatitis
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idiopathic but important disease of dogs causing liver cirrhosis
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Post necrotic cirrhosis
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after massive necrosis liver undergoes
healing, through most rarely survive the assive necrosis |
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2 causes of liver fibrosis
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chronic heart failure
chronic cholangitis |
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Fibrosis of liver
|
scarring w/o nodular regeneration
= retains normal shape, w/ white/tan lobular pattern |
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Chronic heart failure in causing liver fibrosis
|
causes chronic passive congertion
- an irregular surface w/ small nodules or sheet of fibrin = nutmeg liver - makes liver very firm, but retains it's shape |
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Chronic cholangitis in causing fibrosis of liver
|
bile duct inflammation
- liver becomes firm & has lobular pattern |
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Focal / Multifocal liver changes
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generally caused by infections disease
produces multiple foci of necrosis or nodules |
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Physical disturbances of the oral cavity
|
Cleft palate
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Cleft palate
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a hereditary defect where the hard palate fails to close
-predisposes to aspiration pneumonia |
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Causes of vesicles in the oral cavity
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usually caused by viral agent
can also be autoimmune |
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Vesicular diseases of the oral cavity in large animals
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Lesions (vesicles) all look the same
Foot & mouth-bo,ov,sw vesicular stomatitis-eq,bo,sw vesicular exanthema-sw swine vesicular disease-sw |
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vesicular diseases of other (non-large) animals
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feline calici virus
Herpes B virus-primates pemphigus vulgaris-ca,fe bullous pemphigoid-ca,fe |
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Feline calici virus
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produces vesicles in the oral cavity
usually burst quickly leaving ulcers |
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Herpes B virus
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produces gingival ulcers (cold-sores) in non-rhesus monkies
-in man & rhesus monkies is fatal |
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Pemphigus vulgaris/bullous pemphigoid
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autoimmune diseases of dogs & cats
produces ulcers that quickly burst leaving ulcers |
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7 ulcerative diseases of the oral cavity
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BVD
malignant catarrhal fever Bluetongue uremia eosinophilic granuloma complex aeromonas trauma |
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6 proliferative diseases of the oral cavity
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Contagious ecthyma
bovine papular stomatitis fusobacterium necrophorum actinobacillus/Actinmyces gingival hyperplasia neoplasia |
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6 neoplasias of the oral cavity
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Melanoma
squamous cell carcinoma fibrosarcoma epulis papilloma tooth germ tumors |
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Lesions of BVD in the oral cavity
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Produce ulcer in the mouth
-but primarily affect the esophagus & small intestines |
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Malignant catarrhal fever
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a gamma herpes virus carried by sheep but affects cattle
produces ulcers in the oral cavity |
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Bluetongue
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an insect vectored orbivirus that affects sheep
causes ulcers in the mouth, makes the tongue swell & turn blue also causes hemorrhage in the forestomach |
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Uremia affecting the oral cavity
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accumulation of toxins in the blood caused by renal failure
-cause ulcers on the tongue & the stomach |
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Eosinophilic granuloma complex
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a group of 3 diseases caused by hypersensitivity reactions
-cause ulcers in the mouth & skin |
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Aeromonas
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gram - bacterial infection
affects fish & reptiles -cause septicemia -necrosis w/ hemorrhage in the mouth & other organs |
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Contagious ecthyma
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a pox virus affecting sheep & goats
-cause crusty lesions on lips, face & feet |
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Bovine papular stomatitis
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a parapox virus
-causes circular, raised lesions in the mouth & esophagus -usually an incidental finding |
