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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Notes Response of the immune system vs. Disease |
Diseases result when too much or too little response and inappropriate response |
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How many types of immunity there are? |
2 |
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2 types of immunity |
Innate immunity Adaptive immunity |
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Innate immunity |
Non specific response |
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Innate immunity
Non-specific response
What does it mean? |
It is not specific to the type of challenge. |
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Innate immunity
Components (categories) |
Epithelial barriers Immune cells |
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Epithelial barriers and immune cells are components of ______ immunity |
Innate |
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Innate immunity
Components _______________ and immune cells |
Epithelial barriers |
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Innate immunity
Component: epithelial barrier
What do they composed of? |
Skin Mucous membrane |
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Innate immunity
Component: Epithelial barrier and _________ |
Immune cells |
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Innate immunity
Component: Immune cells What do they composed of? |
Phagocytic leukocytes: neutrophils, monocytes-macropahges
NK cells
Proteins of the compliment system |
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2 types of immunity |
Innate Adaptive immunity |
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Adaptive immunity Response |
Specific response |
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Adaptive immunity
When it is activated? |
When innate immunity is overcame. |
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Adaptive immunity how many types of adaptive immunity there are? |
2 |
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Two types of adaptive immunity |
Humoral immunity Cell-mediated/cellular immunity |
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2 types of ______ immunity
____________ cell-mediated/cellular immunity |
adaptive humoral immunity |
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2 types of adaptive immunity
Humoral immunity |
Antibodies production by B lymphocytes |
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2 types of adaptive __________
Humoral immunity _____________________ |
immunity cell-mediated/cellular immunity |
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2 types of adaptive immunity
Cell-mediated aka |
cellular immunity |
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2 types of adaptive immunity
Cell-mediated/Cellular immunity Definition |
T lymphocyte mediated immunity |
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Adaptive immunity
Which type is mediated by B lymphocytes? |
Humoral |
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Adaptive immunity
Which type is mediated by T lymphocytes? |
Cell mediated Cellular immunity |
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Lymhocytes Where they are found? |
In circulation and lymphoid tissues. |
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Lymhocytes
They have receptors for what? |
Specific antigens |
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_______________ have receptors for specifc antigens. |
Lymhocytes |
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Lymphocytes have _____ for specific ____. |
receptors antignens |
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Lymhocytes
List (need to know) |
B lymhocytes T lymphocytes
No need to NK cells |
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T cells
Where they are derived from? |
Thymus-derived Interfollicular zones of lymphoid nodes. |
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T cells Function |
Promote antibody production Mediate cellular immunity |
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T cell response
Targets are ________-associated _____: phagocytoised microbes, _____/antigens within the cytoplasm of cells
Release __________ (_______ molecules of the immune system) to regulate ______ response
Activate T-________ cells to support Antibody production in _________ response. |
cell antigens microbes
cytokines immune
helper immune |
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T cell response
________ are cell associated antigens: ___________ microbes, microbes/antigens within the _________ of cells.
Release cytokines (messenger molecules of _______ system) to ____________ immune ______
_______ T-helper cells to support _____ production in __________ response. |
targets phagocytized cytoplasm immune regulate response
activate antibody humoral |
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T cell The other lymphocytes? |
B cell |
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B cell
Recap: type of immunity |
Humoral |
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T cell
Recap: type of immunity |
Cell-mediated/cellular immunity |
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Humoral and cell-mediated immunity are considered innate or adaptive immunity? |
Adaptive |
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B cells
Where it is derived from? |
Bone marrow Germinal centers of lymph nodes. |
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B cells
Function |
Transfrom to plasma cell for antibody production |
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Reading
B cell response |
Involves proliferation and differentiation of B cells to plasma cell
Antibodies are produced with specificity and progressive affinity for antigen as production continues
Antibodies are produced in different classes. |
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B cell response
Involves proliferation and ____________ of B cells to ________ cell
Antibodies are produced with ___________ and progressive ________ for antigen as production __________
Antibodies are produced in different ________. |
differentiation plasma specificity affinity contineus
classes |
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B cell response
Involves _____________ and differentiation of B cells to plasma cell
Antibodies are produced with specificity and _______________ affinity for antigen as __________ continues
Antibodies are produced in ________ classes. |
proliferation
progressive production
different |
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Pathology of immune system Diseases |
Hypersensitivity Immune-deficiency diseases |
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Hypersensitivity diseases
What is it generally? |
Overreaction to antigens |
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Hypersensitivity diseases
Causes |
Autoimmunity
Response to Environmental antigens and Microbes
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Hypersensitivity
Categories |
Type I, II, III, IV |
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Type I hypersensivity
Mechanism |
T cell is activated by environmental antigens IgE production Mast cells are sensitized and release chemical mediators Allergic responses in SM, blood vessels, and leukocytes |
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Type I hypersensitivity
Clinical presentation |
Localized or Systemic reactions |
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Type I hypersensitivity
Local reactions Mechanism |
Surface exposure to allergens |
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Type I hypersensitivity
Systemic reaction
Disease |
Anaphylaxis |
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Type I hypersensitivity
Systemic reaction Disease: anaphylaxis
Causes |
Parenteral exposureto allergens, such as bee stings, drugs. |
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Type I hypersensitivity
Systemic reaction Disease: anaphylaxis
Possible outcome |
Without intervention: vasodilation and subsequent shock can develop. |
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Type I hypersensitivity
Notes: term |
Atopy |
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Atopy |
Familial predisposition to allergies. |
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Type II hypersensitivity Cause |
Self targeting antibodies |
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Type II hypersensitivity
Cause: self targeting antibodies.
What do they target on or in a cell? |
Normal molecules
On the cell membrane In the cellular matricles Outside antigens observed by the cells |
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Type II hypersensitivity
Mechanism |
Marked cells are opsonized and phagocytosized or Normal functions are interfered. |
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Type II hypersensitivity
Name one disease |
Graves Disease |
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Graves disease |
Antigen: TSH receptor Result: Hyperthyroidism |
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Notes Autoimmune hemolytic anemia |
Antigen: RBC membrane proteins Results: hemolysis anemia |
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Notes Pemphigus vulgaris |
Antigen: proteins in intracellular junctions of epidermis
Results: skin vesicles |
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Notes
Goodpasture's syndrome |
antigen: proteins of basement membranes of alveoli and glomeruli
Results: lung hemorrhage and nephritis |
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notes
Acute rheumatic fever |
antigen: strep. cell wall antigen, cross reactivity with myocardial antigen
Results, myocarditis; arthritis |
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Notes
Myasthenia gravis |
antigen: acetylcholine receptor
results: muscle weakness and paralysis |
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Notes
Pernicious anemia |
antigen: intrinsic factor of gastric parietal cells
Results: abnormal erythropoiesis, anemia |
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Type III hypersensitivity
Also known as? |
Immune complex diseases |
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Define immune complexes |
Antigen-antibody complexes |
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Type III hypersensitivity Mechanism |
Deposition of immune complexes in blood vessels, it leads to release of chemical mediators that trigger acute inflammation |
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Immune complexes
Define |
Antigen-antibody complexes |
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Immune complexes are commonly part of ______________ |
Immune system response |
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________ are commonly part of immune system response. |
immune complexes |
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_______ complexes are commonly part of ___ system response. |
Immune |
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immune complexes are commonly part of immune system response
Describe immune complexes in the case of Type III hypersensitivity |
Large concentrations |
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Antigen targets in Type III hypersensitivity
Category |
exogenous or Endogenous |
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List one type of Type III hypersensitivity diseases |
Systemic lupus erythematosus |
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Systemic lupus erthematosus
Type of hypersensitivity Type of disease |
Type III hypersensitivity Autoimmune disease |
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Systemic Lupus erythematosus Targets of antibodies - general - category |
A wide variety of antigen targets, many are in category of antinuclear antibodies (ANA). |
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Systemic lupus erythematosus
Clinical presentation in general |
variable |
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Why systemic lupus erythematosus have variable clinical presentation? |
It has many possible tissue targets. The most common are skin, serosal membranes, joint, kidney and heart. |
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Group affected by systemic lupus erythematosus |
strong female preponderance (9:1) |
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Systemic lupus erythematosus
Pathology/disease |
Acute vascularitis - causing problems in multiple regions. |
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Systemic lupus erythematosus
clinical signs/symptoms |
fever photosensitivity bufferfly rash pleuritic chest pain arthritis kidney and neuropsychiatric signs |
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Type IV hypersensitivity
Mediated by what? |
T-cell |
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Type IV hypersensitivity
__________ mediated |
T-cell |
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Type ___ hypersensitivity
T-cell mediated |
IV |
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Type IV hypersensitivity T-cell mediated
Mechanisms of T-cell function that lead to tissue injury |
2
Delayed hypersensitivity Direct Cell Toxicity |
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Delayed hypersensitivity Direct Cell toxiciity
These are mechanisms of ____ function that lead to ______________ |
T-cell tissue injury |
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Delayed hypersensitivity
Examples |
Tuberceulin reaction Persistence of antigen lead to granulomatous inflammation |
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Type IV hypersensitivity Name one disease |
Type I diabeties mellitus |
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Type I diabeties mellitus |
Antigen: pancreatic islet beta cells Result: diabeties |
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Type I diabeties mellitus
Type of hypersensitivity Antigen Result |
Type IV Pancreatic islet beta cells Diabeties |
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Type IV hypersensitivity Notes: Multiple sclerosis |
Antigens: protein of CNS myelin Result: demylination, paralysis |
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Type IV hypersensitivity Notes: Crohns disease |
Antigen: unknown, from intestinal microbes
Results: chronic inflammation, fibrosis, stricutre |
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Type IV hypersensitivity Notes:Contact dermatitis |
Antigen: Environmental chemicals Result: dermatitis (versicular) |
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Type IV hypersensitivity Notes: Rheumatoid arthritis |
An autoimmune disease
Antigen: unidentified antigen in synovium
Systemic chronic inflammatory disease
Priniciple target: joints Can get soft tissue and parenchymal rhematoid nodules |
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Immune diseases
Two categories |
Hypersensitivity Immunodificiencies or immune deficiency diseases |
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Immune dieficiency diseases
Categorization |
Primary (genetic) deficiencies Secondary (acquired) deficiencies |
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Immune deficiency diseases
Those afflcited are subject to increased _______ to _______________ |
susceptibility infections |
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Immune deficiency diseases
Those aflicted are subject to ________ susceptibility to ________ |
increased infections |
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Immune deficiency diseases
Notes |
IgG phagocyte cell deficiences - pyrogenic bacteria
Cell mediated: viruses, fungi, and intracellular bacteria |
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Primary deficiencies
Cause |
Genetics |
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Primary deficiencies
Diseases List |
Bruton disease - X-linked agammalglobulniema DiGeorge syndrome - Thymic Hypoplasia |
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X-linked agammalglobuliniema
aka |
Bruton disease |
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X-linked agammalglobuliniema (______disease)
Cause |
Bruton Failure of pre-B cell to differentiate into B cell |
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_-linked agammalglobuliniema (Bruton disease)
Mechanism |
X
Deficient of B cell in circulation as well as deficient follicles in lymph nodes
leads to
No plasma cell production |
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X-linked agammalglobuliniema (Bruton disease)
First signs |
6 months |
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X-linked agammalglobuliniema (Bruton disease)
First signs and why? |
6 months After regression of maternal immuntiy |
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X-linked agammalglobuliniema (Bruton disease)
Symptoms/clinical signs |
Recurrent Bacterial infection others are cleared by normal T cell function |
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DiGeorge syndrome
aka |
Thymic Hypoplasia |
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Thymic Hypoplasia
aka |
DiGeorge syndrome |
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DiGeorge syndrome (Thymic Hypoplasia)
Cause |
Congential defect in thymus development |
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DiGeorge syndrome aka
Outcome of congenitial defect in thymic development |
hypoplasia
T-cell is decreased to absent in circulation and lymphoid tissue |
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Hypoplasia
aka Mechanism on the immunity |
DiGeorge syndrome
Increased susceptibility to viral, fungal, protozoan and intracellular bacteria infection |
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Digeorge syndrome
aka
Increased susceptibility to viral, fungal, protozoan and intracellular bacteria infection
Mechanism on the _____________ |
Hypoplasia immunity |
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DiGeorge syndrome (Thymic Hypoplasia)
Mechanism on anatomy |
Defect in the 4th pharygneal pouch
Parathyroid (calcium) and other midline abnormalities |
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Defect in the 4th pharygneal pouch
Parathyroid (________) and other midline abnormalities
Disease name Mechanism on ________ |
calcium
DiGeorge syndrome (hypoplasia)
anatomy |
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DiGeorge Syndrome (Thymic Hypoplasia)
It is associated with what genetic problem? |
Chromosomal deletion |
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Secondary immune deficiencies
Causes
Mal_______ In_____ Malig___________ Renal _______ Therapy induced __________ suppression |
malnutrition infection maligancies disease bone marrow |
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Secondary immune deficiencies
Causes
Mal____________ In__________ Mal____________ ______ disease Therapy induced bone marrow _________ |
malnutrition infection maligancies renal suppression |
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Secondary immune deficiencies
Name one disease |
AIDS |
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AIDS Primary or secondary deficiencies |
Secondary |
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AIDS
Retroviral infection - _________ (Virus) Causes depletion of CD_+ T lymphocytes (T __________ cell)
- Inversion of CD4: CD8 ______ - Loss of activated and memory ___ cell
- Delayed B-cell _______ - Altered monocyte/___________ function |
HIV 4 helper ratio T Activation macropahge |
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AIDS
Clinical presentations Name one |
Neoplasms
Opportunistic infection (no need to know ) |
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AIDS Clinical presentation: Neoplasms
Name one disease |
Kaposi sacroma |
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AIDS Clinical presentation: Neoplasms
Name one disease: ____ sacroma |
Kaposi |
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AIDS Clinical presentation: Neoplasms
Name one disease: Kaposi ________ |
sacroma |
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AIDS Clinical presentation: Neoplasms
Name one disease: Kaposi Sacroma
Prevalence |
Most common |
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AIDS Clinical presentation: Neoplasms
Name one disease: Kaposi Sacroma
Location/category |
Vascular |
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AIDS Clinical presentation: _____________
Name one disease: Kaposi Sacroma
Severity |
Neoplasms
Much more aggressive than the sporadic cases |
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AIDS Clinical presentation: Neoplasms
Name one disease: Kaposi Sacroma
Where symptoms are observed? |
Skin Mucosal membrane Lymph nodes Lung |
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AIDS Clinical presentation: Neoplasms
Name one disease: Kaposi Sacroma
Associated with what pathogen? |
KS Herpesvirus (KSHV) |
