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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Notes: repair |
Restoration of tissue architecture and function after injury |
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Notes Regeneration vs. healing |
Regeneration: ability of tissue to replace itself
Healing: involves laying down of new connective tissue often involves scar formation |
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Notes
Healing |
Begins with appearance of granulation tissue - Grossly - pink, soft granular _ histologically- fibroblasts, new capillaries and loose appearing connective tissue
Ends with scar formation - More dense fibrous tissue |
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Cell proliferation Learning objective |
Know different types of tissues based on proliferative capacities |
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How many types of tissues in cell proliferation? |
3 |
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3 types of tissues in cell proliferation Categorization is based on what? |
Proliferative capacities |
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3 types of tissues in cell proliferation List |
Labile cells/tissue Stable cells/tissue Permanent cells/tissue |
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Labile cells/tissues Definition |
Continuously dividing tissues |
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Labile cells/tissues
Characteristics |
Can easily regenerate |
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Labile tissues
Examples |
Surface epitheliums Epithelum of ducts Hematopoietic tissues |
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Continuously dividing tissues
aka Characteristics |
Labile cells/tissues can easily regenerate |
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Stable cells/tissues
Characteristics |
Retain the ability to proliferate
Capable of limited regeneration |
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Stable tissues
Examples |
Fibroblasts Endothelial cells Smooth muscle cells Parenchymal tissues of most organs
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Retain the ability to proliferate Capable of limited regeneration
Type of tissues Examples |
Stable tissues
Fibroblasts, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, parenchymal tissues of most organs |
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Permanent cells/tissues Definition |
Terminally differentated cells Non-proliferative in post-natal life (mostly) |
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Permanent cells/tissues
Characteristics |
May have limited ability to proliferate, but insufficient to regenerate. |
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Permanent cells/tissues
Examples |
Majority of cardiac cells and neurons |
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Terminally differentated cells Non-proliferative in post-natal life (mostly)
type of cell - characteristic - example
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Permanent cells/tissues may have limited ability to proliferate, but insufficient to regenerate
Majority of cardiac cells and neurons |
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Stem cells Characteristics |
Self-renewing Asymmetric replication |
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Stem cells
They are self-renewing and have ________ replication.
Define self-renewing |
asymmetric
Can continuously replicate |
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Stem cells
They are _____________ and have asymmetric replication.
Define asymmetric replication |
self-renewing
1/2 of progeny remain undifferentiated to self-renewal
1/2 of progeny enters the differentiation cycle of that tissue |
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Differentiation process in stem cell |
Maybe specific to tissues (i.e. epitheliums)
or
maybe pluripotent - Embryonic stem cells - Adult of tissue stem cells |
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Learning objective |
Cell growth |
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Cell growth is stimulated by the actions of what? |
Growth factors |
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Cell growth is ____________ by actions of growth factors |
stimulated |
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Cell _____ is stimulated by actions of growth ____. |
growth factors |
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Growth factors are responsible for inducing _______ and promoting _____ of the cell. |
cell growth survival |
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Cell growth is vital to what process? |
Healing |
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Cell growth acts in how many ways? |
3 |
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Cell growth acts in 3 ways List |
Autocrine Paracrine Endocrine |
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Autocrine signaling Definition |
Factors that exclusively or predominantly act on the cell that produces it. |
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Autocrine signaling Example |
Lymphoid proliferation in immunity Liver regeneration |
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Paracrine signaling
Definition |
Factors that effect cells in the immediate vicinity. |
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Paracrine signaling
Example |
Recruiting cells in inflammation Wound healing |
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Endocrine signaling Def. |
Factors released into the bloodstream and act on distant cells |
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Endocrine signaling
Example |
Hormones |
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Growth of cells must organize on the framework of what? |
Extracellular matrix |
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Notes Extracellular matrix |
Provide the structure for tissue growth Regulates growth Directs the differentiation of the tissue
Occurs in two forms - Interstitial matrix - Basement membranes (around epithelial, endothelial, and SM tissues) |
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Connective tissue repair process How many steps there are? |
4 sequential processes |
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First step of connective tissue repair |
Angiogenesis (Only step that you need to know) |
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Angiogenesis is the first step of what? |
Connective tissue repair |
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Angiogenesis is the _____ step of connective tissue ____. |
First repair |
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Angiogenesis
What happens in this process? |
Vessels are formed by 2 process
Vasculogenesis: as in embryonic development: new vessels from angioblasts or Angiogensis or neovascularization: new capillaries sprout are sent out from existing blood vessels. |
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Angiogensis is also called what? |
Neovascularization |
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Angiogenesis New capillary sprouts are sent out from what? |
Existing blood vessels |
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Angiogenesis
What are sent out from existing blood vessels? |
New capillary sprouts |
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Angiogenesis
Describe the new vessels |
Leaky |
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Angiogenesis
New vessels are leaky Significance |
It may explain the edematous nature of granulation tissue. |
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Angiogenesis
New vessels are ______ It may explain the _______ nature of ________ tissue. |
Leaky edematous granulation |
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Notes
Connective tissue repair process 4 sequential processes
Step 2 |
Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts/scar formation |
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Notes
Connective tissue repair process 4 sequential processes
Step 2: migration and proliferation of fibroblasts/scar formation |
Build over the framework of granulation tissue
Proliferate early on
Begin to switch more to production of ECM - i.e. collagen |
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Notes
Connective tissue repair process 4 sequential processes
Step 3 |
Deposition of collagen |
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Notes
Connective tissue repair process 4 sequential processes
Step 3: deposition of collagen |
Regulated by many factors Seeks to fill in damaged region |
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Notes
Connective tissue repair process 4 sequential processes
Step 4 |
Maturation and reorganization of fibrous tissue |
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Notes
Connective tissue repair process 4 sequential processes
Step 4: maturation and reorganization of fibrous tissue |
Often referred to as remodeling |
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Cutaneous wound healing Notes |
Involves more epithelial growth and connective tissue growth
illustrates what happens in other wounds of the body as well. |
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First intention healing
Definition/analogy |
Healing of a clean, uninfected surgical incision |
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First intention healing
Requirements |
No significant damage from injury of extensive inflammation |
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First intention healing
Gross observation and histological explanation |
Less scar formation b/c The epithelial growth is able to predominate over connective tissue growth |
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Notes First intention healing
1st to 24 hours ____ fills with fibrin ____ ________ migrate to the ____ clot. |
Incision clot neutrophils fibrin |
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Notes First intention healing
24 to 28 hours _____ cells migrate along ____ from each side. |
Epithelial dermis |
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Notes First intention healing
Day 3 Granulation ____- enters ____ space, epithelium forms over _____. |
tissue incision surface |
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Notes First intention healing
By day 3
_________ tissue enters Incision space, ______ forms over surface. |
Granulation epithelium |
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Notes First intention healing
Day 5 _________ tissue fills the space and the ____ is complete |
granulation surface |
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Notes First intention healing
During second week Dissolution of ______ elements |
inflammatory |
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Notes First intention healing
During the second week ___________ of inflammatory ___________ |
dissolution elements |
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Notes First intention healing
End of first month ______ scar covered by mature ________ |
Minimal epithelium |
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Notes First intention healing
End of first month
Minimum ______ covered by ______ epithelium |
scar mature |
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Healing by second intention
When does it occur? Provide examples |
When cell or tissue loss is more extensive Ex. Ulceration, large wounds and abscess formation. |
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Second intention healing
Characteristics |
Characterized by more extensive inflammation and granulation tissue formation. |
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Wound contraction is associated with healing by first or second intention? |
Second |
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Wound contraction
Notes |
Large wounds can be reduced by 5 to 10% of original size
Due to the presence of myofibroblasts |
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Pathological complications of repair
Usually ____ the healing process
Can be _____ to the injured tissue _____ to the _____________ |
compromise extrinsic intrinsic injured tissue |
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Pathological complications of repair 2
Factors
__________ Poor __________ Gluco__________ administration _______________ variables Poor ______ Presence of ________ bodies |
Infections nutriton corticoid mechanical perfusion foreign |
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Pathological complications of repair 2
Factors
______ _______ nutrition _____cocorticoid administration Mechanical ______________ _______ prefusion Presence of foreign __________ |
infection poor gluco variables poor bodies |
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Pathological complications of repair Factor: infection
Notes |
Prolongs the inflammation period: more local damage |
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Pathological complications of repair Factor: poor nutrition
Notes |
Deficiencies can reduce the formation of collagen Examples: protein and vitamin C |
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Pathological complications of repair Factor: Glucocorticoid administration
Notes |
Reduces inflammation But, will ultimately also reduce fibrosis
Leads to less wound strength |
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Pathological complications of repair Factor: Mechanical variables
Disease |
Dehisce |
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Dehisce
Type of pathological complication |
Mechanical variable |
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Dehisce
Cause |
Pressure on the wound and torsion
Cause the wound to pull apart |
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Pathological complications of repair Factor: Poor perfusion |
Arteriosclerosis Diabetes |
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Pathological complications of repair Factor: Presence of foreign body |
Occupy space Imede healing |
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Aberrations of cell growth during healing Name one disease |
Keloids |
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_________ of ____ growth during healing Keloids |
Aberrations cell |
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Aberrations of cell ____ during_____ ________ |
growth healing keloids |
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Aberrations of cell growth during healing Keloids
Def. |
Over-exuberant scar |
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Keloids
Characteristics |
Appear to be hereditary More common in black skin |
