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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is initiation?
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Rapid IRREVERSIBLE effect, permanent DNA damage
Insufficient ALONE for tumor formation |
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What is promotion?
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REVERSIBLE effects
Not tumorgenic by themselves Induces tumor in INITIATED cells |
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What is the order of initiation and promotion?
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Carcinogen --> initiates cell --> promoter hits cell --> proliferation
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What are the effects of direct carcinogens?
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Requires no transformation
Highly reactive electrophilic |
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What are some examples of direct carcinogens?
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Alkylating agents and chemo drugs, cyclophosphamide
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What are the effects of indirect carcinogens?
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Procercinogens are metabolized to ULTIMATE carcinogen by P450 enzymes
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What are some examples of indirect carcinogens?
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Polycyclic, aromatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic amines Nitrosamines - GI malignancies Aflotoxins - hepatocellular carcinoma |
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How does cigarette smoke contribute to carcinogenesis?
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Initiator
Benzopyrine + nitrosamines are promotors |
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How does alcohol contribute to carcinogenesis?
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It is a promoter
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What type of virus is HTLV-1 and what disease is it associated with?
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RNA, retrovirus
T-cell leukemia/lymphoma |
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What neoplasms are related to the HPV infection?
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Types 1,2,4 cause warts
High risk types cause sq cell carcinomas |
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What are Verruca Vulgaris and Venereal Warts?
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VV - Warts, predominantly on skin of hands/feet
VW - Condyloma accuminatum on vulva, vagina, cervix, penis, perianal |
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What are the features and actions of high-risk HPV?
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E2 repression is lost, repressor loss promotes overexpression of E6 / E7
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What does the increase of E6 and E7 do?
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E6 --> blocks p53 and apoptosis
E7 --> blocks p53 and apoptosis and blocks p21 + RB-E2F stopping growth arrest |
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What are the malignancies associated with Epstein Barr virus?
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Burkitt Lymphoma
B-cell lymphoma in the immunosuppressed, AIDs pts, or pts with cyclosporine suppression Hodgkin disease/lymphoma Nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
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What are the properties of neoplastic cells in pts with epstein barr?
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Neoplastic cells are monclonal sq cells
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What viruses are associated with hepatocellular cercinoma?
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Hep B from DNA virus
Hep C from RNA virus |
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How do Hep B and C cause cancer and where is this malignancy common?
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Ongoing virus replication --> hepatocyte death --> immune response --> cirrhosis --> genetic accidents arise in the regenerating cell
Common in Asia and Africa where Hep B and C are common |
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What 2 viruses work together to cause kaposi's sarcoma?
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KS Virus + HIV virus
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What is the mechanism for Kaposi's sarcoma?
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Neoplastic proliferation of blood vessels or vessel forming mesenchyme
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What malignancies are associated with H. Pylori infection?
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Adenocarcinoma of stomach
Gastric lymphoma of MALT |
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What other diseases does H. Pylori cause?
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Chronic infection in predisposed host produces polyclonal then monclonal B lympho proliferation
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