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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Type of cell lining the esophagus
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Squamous cells
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How liver disease cause esophagus varices
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Impaired portal flow --> pressure increase --> shunting blood to esophageal venous plexus
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Common cause of esophagus varices
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alcoholism
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Where are the neurons found in the ENS; what type of neurons?
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submucosal plexus & myenteric plexus
excitatory, inhibitory, interneurons |
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Is swallowing conscious?
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both conscious & unconscious
no unconscious during sleep |
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3 Stages of swallowing; where does the involuntary start
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Oral --> Pharyngeal (here) --> Oesophageal
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What do the sphincters do upon swallowing
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relax to let material pass through into the stomach
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Which sphincter has more problems
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LES
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True/False: Achalasia is a failure of UES to relax
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False: LES
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Why does the LES not relax in achalasia
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neuronal loss of the inhibitory input @ the sphincter
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Therapy for achalasia
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balloon dilation --> physical opening of LES
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Is heartburn more common than achalasia
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yes
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How is reflux from the stomach prevented normally
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normal contraction of LES & intraabdominal pressure
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Consequences of heartburn (6)
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hyperplasia of squamous epithelial cells
ulceration of esophagus fibrosis Stricture dysphagia spasm |
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Hiatus hernia is when the LES moves up & down (sliding)
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no. intermittent hernia
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3 regions of the stomach
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fundus, body, antrum
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What happens to the mucosal area of the stomach in gastritis
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destruction of the mucosal area (acute erosion)
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What do the parietal & chief cells produce
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parietal (HCl), chief cells (pepsin)
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True/False: mucous is produced at the top part of the stomach
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true
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What are gastric pits
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where mucous cell makes mucus & is secreted into the lumen for coating
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3 stimulants of the proton pump in parietal cells
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Ach, 5HT, gastrin
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Peptic ulcers is an imbalance of the acid output & the mucosal defense
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yes (usually probelm's at the mucosal defense)
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What is the difference b/w acute & chronic ulcer
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acute (hit the muscularis), chronic (both muscle layers, can perforate & hit the pancreas)
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What happens in duodenal ulcer
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Stricture --> can't empty stomach contents
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Does duodenal ulcer occur @ a younger age than stomach cancer?
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yes
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Possible stomach ulcer therapy (3)
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antacids, H2R blockers, proton pump inhibitors
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What does H. poli do in the stomach
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enters the mucus & epithelial cells --> puncture membrane to secret toxin
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3 Factors that H. poli release & their function
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HP-NAP (neutrophil activation)
Cag (cytotoxin associated) VacA (perforates cell membrane & vaculoes, trigger CytC for aoptosis) |
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Therapy against H. poli
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antibiotics + acid reduction
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Acute gastric ulceration can occur w/n a day
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yes due to stress
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Bacteria infection is not correlated with stomach cancer?
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false
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What do babies do when they're born w/ pyloric stenosis; what's the treatment
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projectile vomitting, surgery
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The process of vomitting
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high abs pressure + contraction of diaphragm
stomach & LES relax, low intrathroacic pressure |
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the CTZ (vomit center) has an effective BBB
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false
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Anti-5HT drugs are used for vomitting
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true
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what are the 2 dual blood supply origins for the liver
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hepatic artery & portal vein
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Liver doesn't have a barrier (no endothelial-hepatocyte barrier)
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yes
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Portal Triad
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hepatoartery, hepatovein, bile duct
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What are Kupffer cells & Stellate cells
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kupffer: phagocytic cells
stelllate: collagen secretion during injury |
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Which hormones does the liver metabolize (4)
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Insulin, T3/T4, androgens, estrogen
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Which proteins does the liver synthesize (4)
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albumin, coagulation factors, specific binding proteins in blood transport, complements
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How is bilirubin generated
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heme --> biliverdin --> bilirubin from RBC breakdown
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How id bilirubin excreted
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released into bile duct --> intestine --> breakdown further via bacteria --> stool (makes the pigement)
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What's biliary atresia
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born w/ bile duct close no pigment in stool, urine excretes somes bilirubin
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hemolytic jaundice is the excess of unconjugated bilirubin
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yes
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Gilbert's syndrome
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mutations in the promoter region of UGT gene
reduced transcription of glucornyl transferase --> excess unconjugated bilirubin |
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What is neonatal jaundice fatal
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BBB isn't fully developed; bilirubin enters brain & deposits into basal ganglia (brain degeneration)
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Metabolism of ethanol?
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alcohol dehydrogenase + aldehyde dehyrogenase
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Toxicity is due to only elevated levels of acetaldehyde
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false; also w/ ethanol
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Progress of the liver w/ alcohol excess
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fatty liver --> hepatitis --> cirrohisis
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Cirrhosis involves necrosis/fibrosis/inflammation & impaired blood flow
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true; collagen is made w/ fibroblasts
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different types of cirrhosis have different functional results
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wrong
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Stellate cells are inactivated during fibosis
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wrong
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Hepatitis C is a common cause of cirrhosis
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true
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3 main consequences of cirrhosis
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portal hypertension, hepatic encephaolpathy, spider angioms
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Ascites is caused by insufficient production of albumin
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true
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Which hepatitis virus are transmitted orally
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A, E
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HBV is associated w/ what other virus
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HDV (piggy back) --> makes symptoms worse
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Which virus is blood borne
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HCV
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Symtpoms of HAV infection
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juandice, dark urine, fatigue
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HAV infection usually produce antibody response to remove symptoms
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true
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HbV is a what type of virus
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DNA
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What's the best prevention of HBV
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immunization
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Symptoms of HBV is similar to HAV
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true; but a longer recovery period ( chance of chronic hepatitis
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What is the worse viral infection
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HCV, get chronic heptatitis
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What that the methods of treatment for HCV
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none; transplant
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What receptor does HCV bind to & what is produced in the liver
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Claudin 1, vLDL
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HEV is especially high risk for what group of people
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pregnant women
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what are gallstones usually formed with
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bile pigments & cholesterol
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risk factors for gallstones development (3)
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high fat diet, obesity, low fiber
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Why can gallstones be painful
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obstruction of the duct, blocking outlet of the pancreas as well
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What's cholestasis, choledocholithiasis, cholecystitis
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stopping the bile flow b/c of blockade; gallstones in the bladder & duct; inflammation of the gallstones
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what's a clinical symptom of duct blockade
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obstructive jaundice
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What is a hernia obstruction
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intestine moves into the gap w/n the wall of the cavity
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volvulus obstruction does not lead to perforation
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false; volvulus obstruction is a knot --> fluid accumulation & bacteria growth leading to necrosis & perforation
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What's intussuception obstruction
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pieces of ileum slips into the cecum; polyp pulled along
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paralytic ileus is found after abdominal surgery
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yes
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what is paralytic ileusq
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stopping of peristalsis after a few days; requires fluid suction
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A form of intestinal obstruction involves loss of inhibitory neurons
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yes; no more proper peristalsis; tonic contraction
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Diverticular disease is due to low fiber diet
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true; little pouches sticking out
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What's the problem w/ diverticular disease
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retioning of material inside pouches leading to infection & inflammation
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what's the name for abnormal channel b/w colon & bladder
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fistrue
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Crohn's disease involves a larger area than ulcerative colitis
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yes; crohn's involve intestine + colon w/ skipped lesions; UC is limited to colon but has no skipped lesions
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Crohn's disease or UC involves transmural inflammation
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Crohn's
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What's happens in the intestine wall of crohn's disease
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inflammation rxn ---> loss of normal villi (imapired absorption); can also have stenosis due to scarring
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Prolonged UC can cause cancer
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colorectal carcinoma
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What's the treatment for extensive colitis
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removal of colon via surery --> SI absorbs more water (anastomosis)
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what are the causes of acute appendicities
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growth of microorganisms & obstruction
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what's the pain of acute appendicities localized
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visceral pain; referred to the midline
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What are the causes of diarrhea (physiological)
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osmotic imbalance; increased secretion & decreased absorption
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consequences of diarrhea (4)
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hypovolemia, loss of K, acidosis, malnutirion
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Cholera toxin interferes w/ an ion channel
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false; GPCR --> constant activation --> continual secretion of water & NA
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what does giving glucose reduce the diarrhea
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glucose channel is coupled w/ sodium & water absorption
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cholera is transmitted blood borne
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false; oral-fecal
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Rotavirus usually develops into ____ in children
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gastroenteritis
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Norovirus has a fast revoery
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false; slow recovery (especially for lactase; long milk intolerance)
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Staphlococci has a faster onset than salmonella
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true
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Salmonella has an already made bacteria in food
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false;it penetrates the epithelial cell of via & induce inflammation rxn via recruitment of macrophages
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E.Coli poisoning depends on the type of infection
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qtrue
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