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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 critical processes of atherosclerosis
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accumulation of lipid
smooth muscle proliferation |
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Treatment for CAD
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b-blockers reduce O2 demand
nitrates and Ca blockers improve blood flow |
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Cor pulmonale
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related to HTN
increased pressure in lungs enlarges right side of heart |
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Pressure overload hypertrophy
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caused by valvular stenosis (pump at higher pressure)
walls thicken, chamber size normal |
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Eccentric hypertrophy
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caused by valvular insufficiency (more blood/min)
enlarged volume |
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Aortic stenosis
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most common valve disease
causes angina, syncope and heart failure |
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Mitral stenosis
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caused mostly by rheumatic disease
causes cardiac dyspnea |
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Mitral insufficiency
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second most common valve disease
acutely is a medical emergency because it causes rapid cardiac dyspnea |
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Systolic murmurs
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AS
MR |
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Diastolic murmurs
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AR
MS |
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Ventral septal defect
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causes loud murmurs
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Cyanotic heart disease
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right to left shunt
non-oxygenated blood pumped into systemic circulation |
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Cardiac tamponade
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caused by pericardial effusion if there is too much pressure on the heart for it to fill
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dilated cardiomyopathy
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failure of myocytes
enlargement d/t overstimulation of renin-angiotensin system |
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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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autosomal dominant
small thick rapid heart |
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Restrictive cardiomyopathy
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amyloid between myocytes
heart doesn't relax between beats |
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Treatment of heart failure
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ace/angiotensin slow down fibrosis
b-blockers inhibit stimulation digoxin increases efficiency |
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Glomerular injury
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protein and RBCs
immune-complex |
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Interstitial disease
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WBCs and protein
drugs |
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Tubular injury
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brown casts, RBCs, protein
hypoperfusion/ischemia |
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Hyperacute rejection
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by preformed ABO/IgG antibodies
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Acute rejection
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cellular- t cell mediated
vascular- antibody/humoral causes decreased GFR and increased systemic BP |
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Pyelonephritis
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usually bacterial
P fimbrae= virulent |
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Autosomal dominant/adult polycystic
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bilateral enlarged
PKD genes |
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Autosomal recessive/childhood polycystic
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bilateral elongated cysts
PKDH gene, liver involved too |
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Renal cystic dysplagia/multicystic
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uni or bilateral
enlarged and irregular |
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Acquired (dialysis) cystic
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small fibrotic kidneys
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CKI
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causes increased angiotensin and parathyroid which causes osteodystrophy
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Chronic rejection
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characterized by interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy
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Preventing acute rejection
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cyclosporine- immunosuppressant
corticosteroid- reduces inflammation |
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Anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis
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makes ACTH, prolactin, GH, TSH, FSH/LH
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Posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis
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stores oxytocin and vasopressin
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Hypopituitarism
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vasopressin deficiency causes diabetes insipidus
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Hypothyroid
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causes bradycardia, constipation, cold intolerance, dry skin
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Hyperthyroid
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Grave's disease (autoimmune stimulation of TSH)
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Hypoparathyroid
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low calcium, seizures, cramping, stridor
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Hyperparathyroid
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high calcium
stones, groans, abdominal moans |
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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
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can't make cortisol so overproduction of ACTH causes excess androgens
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Addison's disease
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adrenal insufficiency
causes hypoglycemia and shock medical emergency! |
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Cushing syndrome
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overproduction of cortisol
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Pemphigus vulgaris
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autoimmune destruction of skin
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Staphyococcal scalded skin
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bacterial sloughage of skin
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Toxic epidermal necrolysis
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drug reaction sloughage of skin
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Systemic lupus
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photosensitivity, butterfly rash
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Psoriasis
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overproduction of squamous cells
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Mastitis
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lactating women
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Granulomatous mastitis
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feels like lump, may be infectious
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Squamous metaplasia of ducts
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abscesses
associated with smoking |
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Fibroadenoma
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well circumscribed, firm, immobile mass
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Ductal carcinoma in situ
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precursor lesion
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Lobular carcinoma in situ
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marker of increased risk
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Invasive carcinoma
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stage more important than grade
Treat with anti-estrogens and herceptin |
