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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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proptosis
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displacement of the eye forward in orbit
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lamina papyracea
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medial wall of orbit; separates orbit from ethmoid sinuses
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what raises suspicion of Wegener granulomatosis
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necrotic collagen along with vasculitits
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uvea
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iris, choroid, and ciliary body
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what neoplasms of the orbit are encapsulated
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pleomorphic adenoma of lacrimal gland, dermoid cyst, and neurilemmoma
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blepharitis
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inflammation obstructing drainage system of sebaceous glands of eye
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chalazion aka lipogranuloma
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granulamaotous response; can occur due to lipid extravasion into surrounding tissue due to blepharitis
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most common malignancy of eyelid
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basal cell carcinoma-predilection for lower eyelid and medial canthus
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palpebral conjunctiva
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tightly tethered to tarus
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fornix conjunctiva
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium rich in goblet cells-contains accessry lacrimal tissue; lacrimal gland pierces superior and laterally
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granulomas associated with sarcoidosis may be detected where
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conjunctival fornix
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where is primary lymphoma of the conjunctiva most likely to dvlp
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fornix; indolent marginal B-cell
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bulbar conjunctiva
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covers surface of eye; nonkeratinizing stratified squamous epithelium
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malignant neoplasms arising in the eyelid and conjunctiva tend to spread
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to regional lymph nodes (parotid and submandibular)
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pinguecula and pterygium
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submucosal elevations on the conjunctiva; result from actinic damage
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pterygium
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originates in conjunctiva astride the limbus and is formed by submucosal growth of fibrovascular CT that migrates to the cornea; doesn't cross pupillary axis
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pinguecula
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appears next to limbus; small, yellowish submucosal elevation; doesn't invade cornea (like pterygium)
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dellen
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saucer-like depression in corneal tissue
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sclera
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mainly collagen and contains few blood vessels and fibroblasts
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blue appearing sclera
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osteogenesis imperfecta; following scleritis; heavily pigmented congenital nevus of underlying area (congenital melanosis oculi)
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why does myopia tend to dvlp
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eye too long for its refractive power
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myopia
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nearsighted; can't focus far away objects
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cornea layers
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anterior epitheloim on a BM than Bowman layer (acellular) than stroma than Descemet membrane covered by corneal endothelium
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histologic hallmark of chronic herpes simplex keratitis
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granulomatous rxn in Descemet membrane
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what is corneal endothelium derived from
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neural crest-not related to vascular endothelium
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site of copper deposition in Kayser-Fleischer rings of Wilson disease
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Descemet membrane
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corneal degenerations
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either uni or bilateral and typically nonfamilial
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corneal dystrophies
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bilateral and hereditary
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calcific band keratopathy
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deposition of calcium in Bowman layer
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actinic band keratopathy
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exposed chronically to high levels of UV light; extensive solar elastosis dvlps in superficial layers of corneal collagen (sun-exposed interpalpebral fissure); tends to be yellow
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keratoconus
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progressive thinning and ectasia of cornea without evidnce of inflammation of vascularization; typically bilateral degeneration; corneal transplant
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histologic hallmark of keratoconus
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thinning of cornea with breaks in Bowman layer
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corneal hydrops
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sudden effusion of aqueous humor through a gap in Descemet membrane
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fuchs endothelial dystrophy
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stromal edema and bullous keratopathy due to primary loss of endothelial cells
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stromal dystrophies
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stromal deposits generate discrete opacities in the cornea
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what makes aqueous humor
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pars plicata of the ciliary body
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systemic diseases that cause cataracts
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galactosemia, diabetes, Wilsons, atopic dermatitis
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drugs that can cause cataracts
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corticosteroids
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antigen-antibody complexes containing lens cortical material dvlp after
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propionibacterium acnes; generates lens-induced uveitis
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phacolytic glaucoma
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protein from liquified lens cortex leak through lens capsule and clog trabecular meshwork; secondary, open-angle glaucoma
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trabecular meshwork
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in the angle formed by intersection btwn corneal periphery and anterior surface of iris
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open-angle glaucoma
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aqueous humor has complete physical access to trabecular meshwork; elevation in IOP results from increased resistance to aqeous flow in open angle
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angle-closure glaucoma
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peripheral zone of iris adheres to trabecular meshwork and physically impinges the egress of aqeous humor from eye
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most common form of glaucoma
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primary open-angle
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precipiates seen in slit lamp with sarcoid
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aggregates of macrophages on endothelium with characteristic 'mutton-fat' keratic precipitates
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anterior synechiae
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adhesion btwn iris and trabecular meshwork or cornea
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posterior synechiae
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adhesion btwn iris and anterior surface of lens
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why dilate pupil in ppl with intra-ocular inflammation
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prevent formation of synechiae and their sequelae
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endophthalmitis
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applied only when inflammation within vitreous cavity-poorly tolerated by retina
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panopthalmitis
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inflammation within eye that involves retina, choroid, and sclera and extends into the orbit
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how does retina respond to injury
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gliosis-embryologic derivative of diencephalon
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hemorrages in nerve fiber layer of retina
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oriented horizontally; appear as flames or streaks
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hemorrhages in external retinal layers
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oriented perpendicularly; appear as dots (cross section of cylinder)
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where do exudates in retina tend to accumulate
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outer plexiform layer, especially in macula (macular star)
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retinal detachment
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separateion of neurosensory ratina from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)
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rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
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associated with full-thickness retinal defect
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where does exudate from damaged retinal arterioles generally accumulate
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outer plexiform layer
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cotton-wool spots
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damage axons which result in accumulation of mitochondria at damaged ends=create illusion of cytoid bodies; nerve fiber layer infarct
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reliable histologic marker of diabetes mellitus in eye
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thickening of BM of epithelium of pars plicata of ciliary body
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background (preproliferative) diabetic retinopathy
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BM of retinal blood vessels thickened; pericytes to endothelial cell ratio diminishes; microaneurysms; physiologic breakdown in blood-retinal barrier; exudates
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what happens due to background diabetic retinopathy
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up regulation of VEGF and retinal angiogenesis
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proliferative diabetic retinopathy
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appearance of new vessels sprouting from existing vessels on surface of optic nerve or retina
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when is the term neovascularization of the retina used
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not until newly formed vessels breach internal limiting membrane of retina
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non-neovascular ARMD (aka atrophic or dry)
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diffuse or discrete deposits in Bruch membrane (drusen) and geographic atrophy of the RPE
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retinitis pigmentosa
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collection of inherited retinal disorders; typically both rods and cones lost to apoptosis; retinal atrophy accompanied by constriction of retinal vessels and optic nerve head atrophy (waxy pallor) and accumulation of retinal pigment around blood vessels
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most common primary neoplasm of the optic nerve
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glioma (pilocytic astrocytoma) and meningioma
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anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION)
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spectrum of optic nerve injuries from ischemia to infarction; interruption of blood supply to optic nerve
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papilledema vs AION fundus exam difference
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papilledema=usually no visual loss, nerve head swollen and hyperemic; AION= swollen and pale in acute phase
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glaucoma morphology of optic nerve
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cupped and atrophic
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buphthalmos
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diffuse enlargement of the eye
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staphyloma
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uveal tissue lines ectatic sclera
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Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
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mitochondrial gene mutations
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optic neuritis
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loss of vision secondary to demyelinization of optic nerve=clinical definition; MS causes
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phthisis bulbi
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small (atrophic) and internally disorganized; presence of blood btwn ciliary body and sclera and choroid and sclera; membrane extending across eye from one ciliary body to the other (cyclitic membrane); chronic retinal detachment; optic nerve atrophy; intra-ocular bone (osseous metaplasia of RPE); thickened sclera
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