Path 2 Test 1

Front 1

Hemostasis

Back 1

the arrest of hemorrhage as a response to vascular injury

Front 2

Intrinsic Pathway

Back 2

Factor XII (Hageman's) --> Factor XI --> Factor IX

Front 3

Extrinsic Pathway

Back 3

Tissue Factor (Thromboplastin) --> Factor VII + Ca

Front 4

Common Pathway of Coagulation

Back 4

Factor X --> (Prothrombin --> Thrombin) --> (Fibrinogen --> Fibrin)

Front 5

What are the 2 platelet aggregating factors?

Back 5

1. Von Willebrand Factor
2. Thromboxane A2

Front 6

Von Willebrand Factor

Back 6

from endothelial cells and enhances aggregation

Front 7

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2)

Back 7

enhances aggregation

Front 8

What is the most important precipitating event of thrombosis?

Back 8

injury to the endothelium

Front 9

Do endothelial cells have vasoactive factors?

Back 9

No

Front 10

Do endothelial cells have antithrombotic factors?

Back 10

Yes, Prostacyclin (PGI2)

Front 11

Do endothelial cells have thrombotic factors?

Back 11

Yes, Factor VIII and Von Willebrand Factor

Front 12

Do endothelial cells have anti-coagulant factors?

Back 12

Yes, Thrombomodulin

Front 13

Do endothelial cells have fibrinolytic agents?

Back 13

Yes, TPA

Front 14

Do endothelial cells have growth factors?

Back 14

Yes, CSF. FGF, and PDGF

Front 15

What do endothelial cells contain that causes fibrinolysis?

Back 15

(PAI) Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor

Front 16

Do endothelial cells have inflammatory mediators?

Back 16

IL-1 and cell adhesion molecules

Front 17

Clot Lysis Pathway

Back 17

(Plasminogen --> Plasmin) --> (Fibrin --> Fibrin split products)

Front 18

What produces TPA?

Back 18

Thrombosis

Front 19

What does TPA convert?

Back 19

plasminogen --> plasmin to effect fibrinolysis

Front 20

Atherosclerosis

Back 20

progessive accumulation within the intima of smooth muscle cells and lipids

Front 21

What is required for an atheroma to form?

Back 21

smooth muscle cells and lipid

Front 22

What is involved in the early stage of atherosclerosis formation?

Back 22

proliferation of smooth muscle cells and accumulation of lipid

Front 23

What is involved in the later stages of atherosclerosis formation?

Back 23

-infiltration of macrophages, lymphocytes, and connective tissue

-organized thrombus formed, with canals (vaso plaquorum) going through the lesion

Front 24

What are the elements of atherosclerotic plaque?

Back 24

1. vascular endothelium
2. arterial smooth muscle cell
3. mononuclear phagocyte
4. lymphocytes and neutrophils

Front 25

What does atherogenic process mean?

Back 25

the overall process of atherogenesis which is a combination of theories and hypotheses

Front 26

Insudation Hypothesis

Back 26

lipids in the atheroma are derived from plasma lipoproteins (LDL) in the blood

Front 27

Encrustation Hypothesis

Back 27

says that small mural thrombi represent the initial event in atherosclerosis

Front 28

Which hypothesis in the atherogenic process was discovered to be incorrect/false?

Back 28

Encrustation Hypothesis... because we know that mural thrombi are not the initial event, but they are critical to the later progression of the atheroma (i.e. toward thrombosis)

Front 29

Reaction to Injury Hypothesis

Back 29

smooth muscle cells accumulate as a response to injury, as a result of release of PDGF and other growth factors

Front 30

Which hypothesis in the atherogenic process explains smooth muscle proliferation but not lipid accumulation?

Back 30

Reaction to Injury Hypothesis

Front 31

Monoclonal Hypothesis

Back 31

Points to the fact that many plaques contain cells that are mostly monoclonal. Perhaps their proliferation was due to a virus or cell-specific mutagen

Front 32

Intimal Cell Mass Hypothesis

Back 32

this is the initial lesion. Accumulation of smooth muscle cells at junctions and branching points of arteries

Front 33

Hemodynamic Hypothesis

Back 33

Atheromas tend to occur at locations of turbulence, pressure, and shear forces. Hypertension predisposes to atheromatous formation.

Front 34

definition of Unifying Hypothesis

Back 34

-Likely order of events in atherogenesis

Front 35

steps of the Unifying Hypothesis

Back 35

1. Intimal cell mass predisposes at branch points
2. Lipid accumulation occurs
3. Lipid insudation results in cellular injury, leading to accumulation of macrophages and platelets
4. macrophages and platelets release growth factor
5. smooth ms proliferation and endothelial injury may result in loss of anticoagulant properties of endothelia, and a thrombus results

Front 36

What is insudation?

Back 36

the accumulation, as in the kidney, of substances derived from the blood.

Front 37

Which organ does Polyarteritis Nodosa usually not affect?

Back 37

the lungs

Front 38

Which disease usually affects the lungs?

Back 38

Wegener's Granulomatosis

Front 39

What condition is associated with Polyarteritis Nodosa?

Back 39

Hepatitis B (in 30% of the ppl)

Front 40

How do you treat Polyarteritis Nodosa?

Back 40

Steroids or Cyclophosphamide

Front 41

Where is the first manisfestation of Hypersensitivity Angitis

Back 41

the kidneys

Front 42

what type of necrosis is found in hypersensitivity angitis?

Back 42

fibrinoid necrosis

Front 43

how does polyarteritis nodosa differ from hypersensitivity angitis?

Back 43

polyarteritis nodosa= affects medium size muscular vessels

hypersensitivity angitis= affects small arteries

Front 44

How does Hypersensitivity Angitis differ from Malignant Hypertension?

Back 44

Hypersensitivity Angitis= petechiae with inflammation

Malignant Hypertension= petechiae without inflammation

Front 45

what is associated with Leucocytoclastic Vasculitis

Back 45

purpural lesions

Front 46

Which disease mainly affects the lungs and is associated with asthma?

Back 46

Churg-Strauss Syndrome, Allergic Granulomatosis and Angitis

Front 47

which is the disease where you will find eosinophils in the blood?

Back 47

Churg-straus Syndrome, Allergic Granulomatosis, and Angitis

Front 48

What is found in the arteries with Giant Cell Arteritis, Temporal Arteritis?

Back 48

Thrombus and Giant Cells

Front 49

Which disease is blindness common in?

Back 49

Giant Cell/ Temporal Arteritis

Front 50

What are the 2 key pathological findings in Wegener's Granulomatosis?

Back 50

1. Systemic Vasculitis
2. Granulomatous Inflammation of respiratory pathway

Front 51

What is found in serum of a patient infected with Wegener's Granulomatous?

Back 51

Anti Cytoplasmic Nuclear Antibodies (ACNA)

Front 52

What is Takayasu Arteritis?

Back 52

an inflammatory disorder of the aortic arch

Front 53

aka for Takayasu Arteritis?

Back 53

-Pulseless Disease
-Reverse Coarctation of the Aorta

Front 54

aka for Kawasaki Disease?

Back 54

Musculocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome

Front 55

which disease is caused by acute necrotizing vasculitis?

Back 55

Kawasaki Disease

Front 56

Coronary Aneurysms are found in 70% of patients with what disease?

Back 56

Kawasaki Disease

Front 57

Kawasaki disease is common in whom?

Back 57

kids

Front 58

clinical symptoms of kawasaki disease?

Back 58

disquamatizing digits

Front 59

aka for Thromboangitis Obliterans?

Back 59

Buerger's Disease

Front 60

Which part of the body is affected by Thromboangitis Obliterans?

Back 60

the distal arms and legs

Front 61

What disease is associated with Intermittent Claudication (lameness... not being able to walk)

Back 61

Thromboangitis Obliterans

Front 62

Which disease is strongly associated with smoking?

Back 62

Thromboangitis Obliterans

Front 63

What is Raynaud's Phenomenon?

Back 63

Intermittent attacks of ischemia in fingers and toes due to intense arterial vasospasm, often precipitated by cold or emotional stimuli

Front 64

What are the 4 shapes of aneurysms?

Back 64

1. fusiform
2. saccular
3. dissecting
4. arteriovenous fistula

Front 65

what is the most common type of aneurysm?

Back 65

atherosclerotic aneurysms

Front 66

where are atherosclerotic aneurysms usually found?

Back 66

abdominal aorta

Front 67

which aneurysm usually occurs at a main branching point of the basilar artery?

Back 67

Congenital (Berry) Aneurysms

Front 68

which aneurysm is not really an aneurysm but is actually a hematoma?

Back 68

Dissecting Aneurysm

Front 69

Where does a Dissecting Aneurysm manifest?

Back 69

it is a hematoma in the muscular media of the Aorta

Front 70

which results from Marfan's Syndrome?

Back 70

Dissecting Aneurysm

Front 71

Type A Dissecting Aneurysm

Back 71

start at Aortic arch and goes proximally to the aortic valves

grave prognosis

Front 72

Type B Dissecting Aneurysm

Back 72

start at Aortic arch and goes distally down through the abdominal aorta

Front 73

What is a double barrel aorta?

Back 73

dissection penetrates back into the aortic lumen, temporarily relieving the pressure and biding some time

Front 74

what is the characteristic finding in Dissecting Aneurysms?

Back 74

Cystic Medial Necrosis

Front 75

What is Cystic Medial Necrosis?

Back 75

cystic changes in the media of the aorta

Front 76

What stains positive for mucopolysaccharides?

Back 76

Dissecting Anuerysms

Front 77

what is typically described as a "tearing" type of pain?

Back 77

Dissecting Aneurysms

Front 78

What is Syphilitic Aneurysm?

Back 78

aneurysms in the thoracic aorta resulting from Obliterative Endarteritis of the vaso vasorum supplying the aorta

Front 79

What has the characteristic Tree Bark Appearance?

Back 79

Syphilitic Aneurysm

Front 80

Aortic calcification, aortic insufficiency, hemopericardium are associated with what?

Back 80

Syphilitic Aneurysm

Front 81

What are Mycotic Aneurysms caused by?

Back 81

significant weakening of the blood vessel wall by infection

Front 82

What is Deep Vein Thrombosis associated with?

Back 82

prolonged bed-rest, blood stasis, and reduced cardiac output

Front 83

What is Syphilitic Aneurysm?

Back 83

aneurysms in the thoracic aorta resulting from Obliterative Endarteritis of the vaso vasorum supplying the aorta

Front 84

What has the characteristic Tree Bark Appearance?

Back 84

Syphilitic Aneurysm

Front 85

Aortic calcification, aortic insufficiency, hemopericardium are associated with what?

Back 85

Syphilitic Aneurysm

Front 86

What are Mycotic Aneurysms caused by?

Back 86

significant weakening of the blood vessel wall by infection

Front 87

What is Deep Vein Thrombosis associated with?

Back 87

prolonged bed-rest, blood stasis, and reduced cardiac output

Front 88

What is Deep Vein Thrombosis a risk factor for?

Back 88

pulmonary embolisms

Front 89

Thrombophlebitis

Back 89

inflammation with secondary thrombosis of deep leg veins

Front 90

Phlebothrombosis

Back 90

thrombosis of deep leg veins without initial inflammation

Front 91

What is elephantiasis?

Back 91

a lymphatic obstruction

Front 92

what is milroy disease?

Back 92

an inherited form of lymphodema present at birth

Front 93

Hemangiomas

Back 93

benign tumors of blood vessels

Front 94

Cavernous Hemangioma

Back 94

containing open vascular spaces

Front 95

Granuloma Pyogenicum

Back 95

benign mass of granulation tissue resembling a hemangioma

Front 96

Vascular Ectasia

Back 96

Local dilation and growth of blood vessels, not a tumor

Front 97

What is Spider Angiomata an example of?

Back 97

Vascular Ectasia

Front 98

Glomus Tumor (Glomangioma)

Back 98

benign, painful tumor of the glomus body ( a receptor that is sensitive to temperature and regulates arterial flow)

Front 99

Hemangioendothelioma

Back 99

a vascular tumor composed of endothelial cells

Front 100

what is the intermediate phase between a benign hemangioma and malignant angiosarcomas

Back 100

Hemangioendothelioma