Path 2

Front 1

Give an example of a choristoma

Back 1

hair and skin on the cornea;growth of normal tissue not indigenous to the site

Front 2

give an example of a hamartoma

Back 2

cartilage in the lung; disorganized mass of mature tissue indigenous to the site

Front 3

What is the definition of neoplasia?

Back 3

process of new growth; it can reult in a neoplasm

Front 4

Is anaplasia defined by over differentiation or lack of differentiation?

Back 4

lack of differentiation

Front 5

Anaplasia is often seen with pleomorphism of cells and nuclei. what does this mean?

Back 5

there is variation in the size and shape

Front 6

define dysplasia

Back 6

a loss of uniformity of individual cells, as well as a loss in their polarity

Front 7

name a benign neoplasm with glands and cysts

Back 7

cystadenoma

Front 8

name a malignant neoplasm of chondrocytes

Back 8

chondrosarcoma

Front 9

name a tumor that is malignant with an anaplastic epithelium, has cysts, has glands, and papillomas! o my goodness!

Back 9

papillary cystadenocarcinoma

Front 10

if you see a neoplasm with a capsule, is it most likely malignant or benign?

Back 10

benign

Front 11

an activating somatic mutation must be present on how many alleles of an oncogene in order to confer a selective growth advantage on the cell? (fancy way of saying cancer)

Back 11

only one allele

Front 12

Mutations in what signal transducer are very common (20-30% of human tumors)?

Back 12

Ras

Front 13

What mutation in Ras renders the GTPase domain insensitive to inactivation by GAP and thus stuck in the "on" state?

Back 13

glycine to valine mutation at residue 12

Front 14

What are the two features that most reliably differentiate malignant from benign tumors?

Back 14

metastasis and invasiveness

Front 15

approximately 80% of the p53 point mutations present in human cancers are located at what part of the protein?

Back 15

the DNA binding domain

Front 16

what is quiescene? senescence?

Back 16

temporary cell cycle arrest; permanent cell cycle arrest

Front 17

What type of UV light causes the formation of pyrimidine dimers in DNA? What wavelength is this?

Back 17

UVB; 280-320 nm

Front 18

What type of tumor is associated with intense intermittent UV exposure like tanning beds?

Back 18

malignant melanoma

Front 19

What is the most frequent radiation induced cancer in adults? in children? Are thyroid carcimonas seen in both these age groups?

Back 19

leukemia; leukemia; only children

Front 20

Where geographically do you find human T-cell leukemia type 1?

Back 20

japan, caribbean

Front 21

What is the only retrovirus known to be oncogenic in humans?

Back 21

HTLV-1

Front 22

Where is the HPV genome inserted into the DNA?

Back 22

between E1 and E2

Front 23

How does HPV cause increase risk of cancer?

Back 23

messes up E2, which blocks E6 adn E7, overexpression of E6 adn E7 means supression of p53, p21, and Rb which in turn allows over growth of cells

Front 24

What cancer does Epstein-Barr virus cause?

Back 24

Burkitts lymphoma

Front 25

whats the mutation that causes burkitt lymphoma? what will you see histologically?

Back 25

t8:14; starry sky

Front 26

How does a kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus work with HIV? (postulated)

Back 26

cytokines produced by HIV infected T cells promote survival of KSHV infected mesenchymal spindle cells

Front 27

What are two hypothesis on how helicobacter pylori causes gastric carcinoma?

Back 27

chronic gastritis; cytoxin associated A (CagA) gene within the H. pylori genome enters epithelial cells and signals unregulated GF stimulation

Front 28

what does it mean when you see blood coming out of the ear?

Back 28

basal skull fracture

Front 29

What will you see histologically with lead poisoning?

Back 29

renal tubular damage of kidneys with intranuclear lead inclusions

Front 30

What can you see with chronic vinyl chloride poisoning?

Back 30

hepatic angiosarcoma

Front 31

How do parathion and malathion cause their effect? How would you treat an overdose?

Back 31

irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors; pralidoxime

Front 32

How do the carbamates cause their effect?

Back 32

reversible cholinesterase inhibitors

Front 33

40 yr old farmer comes into office having tried to commit suicide with paraquat. What will you see histologically?

Back 33

acute lung injury, may look like malignancy, eventually pulmonary fibrosis

Front 34

What is the mechanism for acetaminophen toxicity and how do you treat it?

Back 34

NAPQI usually it conjugates with glutathione, but when you run out of that it creates reactives that cause lipid peroxidation. N-acetylcysteine acts to augment the glutathione reserves in the body, this is what you treat with

Front 35

86 year old comes in with central lobular hepatonecrosis. whats going on?

Back 35

hes old and senile and taking his acetaminophen too much

Front 36

What do you see with acute salicylate toxicity?

Back 36

metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis, tinnitus!

Front 37

T/F Tumors that are highly oxygenated will be more affected by radiation treatments

Back 37

true

Front 38

What is the normal birth weight at term?

Back 38

3333 grams

Front 39

What ages are the boundaries for normal gestational age? ie, whats considered preterm and whats considered post term.

Back 39

37 weeks-42weeks

Front 40

What bug is harbored by 80% of cystic fibrosis patients by age 18?

Back 40

Psedudomonas aeruginosa

Front 41

How does cystic fibrosis get its name?

Back 41

extra mucin plugs exocrine ducts, usually in the pancreas, which causes cystic dilation. After a while there is progressive fibrosis