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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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__ is the most important global cause of cancer.
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Tobacco.
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How do adducts form and cause disease?
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dna draws electrophiles, leading to adduct formation. Adducts can accumulate and cause disease if not removed.
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__ is an irreversible process involving the single application of a chemical/physical agent.
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Initiation.
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An initiator is innately __.
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Carcinogenic.
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__ alone is not sufficient for tumor formation.
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Initiation.
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__ is a reversible process involving multiple applications of a promoting agent. Is it carcinogenic?
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Promotion. Promoters are not carcinogenic.
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__ is the process where benign neoplasm cells progress to become malignant.
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Progression.
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These carcinogens do not require metabolism.
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Direct acting carcinogen.
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These carcinogens require metabolism and are much more potent.
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Indirect acting carcinogens.
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Both direct and indirect acting carcinogens are highly reactive __.
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Electrophiles.
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__ is the primary target of chemical carcinogens.
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dna.
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Name two carcinogens that cause urinary bladder cancer.
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2-naphthylamine and 4-aminobiphenyl.
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Name an occupational carcinogens that cause respiratory tract cancer.
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Mustard gas
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__ __ is an occupational carcinoma that can cause angiosarcoma and liver cancer.
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Vinyl chloride.
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__, __, and __ are occupational carcinogens that commonly cause skin and lung cancer.
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Tar, soots, and oils.
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Chromium compounds often cause __ cancer as an occupational hazard.
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Lung.
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This occupational carcinogen can cause cancer in the pleura, peritoneum, and lungs.
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Asbestos.
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Benzene typically targets __ tissue.
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Lymphoid tissue.
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How much replication must occur for damage to be imprinted in a carcinogen-altered cell?
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One round minimum.
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Promoters induce __ __ and __ __ of initiated cells.
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Cellular proliferation and clonal expansion.
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This type of radiation is very energetic; can introduce ss or ds breaks in dna.
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Ionizing radiation.
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__ action of radiation is more common and causes free radical damage to dna.
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Indirect acting radiation.
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Give an example of ionizing radiation.
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X-rays.
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Which of the UV rays is the most harmful?
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UVC.
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Which of the UV rays is the most present in the atmosphere?
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UVB.
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Which of the UV rays is present in tanning beds?
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UVA.
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How do UV rays cause dna damage?
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Formation of pyrimidine dimers that are hard to remove.
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__ is the most common and preventable human cancer.
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Skin cancer.
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With regard to skin cancer, __ will readily metastasize with lots of stimulation; __ will invade but will not metastasize.
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SCC will metastasize. BCC will invade but not metastasize.
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__ is the most common cause of skin cancer.
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UV radiation.
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HBV is linked to this form of cancer.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma.
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HPV is linked to this form of cancer.
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Cervical carcinoma.
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What are the high risk types of HPV? To what do they give rise?
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16, 18, and 31. Give rise to cervical cancer.
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What are the low risk types of HPV? To what do they give rise?
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6 and 11. Give rise to genital warts.
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How do you determine risk of cervical carcinoma with microscopic analysis?
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FISH.
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What is the most common expression of EBV?
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Mononucleosis.
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__ is required for B cell immortalization and proliferation during a latent EBV infection.
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LMP1.
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How does latent EBV become active?
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Immune response is decreased (specifically, T helper cell activity).
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HBV and HCV can act like __ and cause hepatic injury.
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Promoters.
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__ is the etiologic cofactor in development of Kaposi sarcoma.
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HHV8.
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H. pylori causes infections linked to _? How can you detect this on microscopic analysis?
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Gastric lymphomas and gastric carcinomas. Should not see lymphoid tissue in the stomach.
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HTLV1 is responsible for what cancer?
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Adult T-cell leukemia.
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