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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the structure and function of a cell’s nucleus?
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Most essential part of MOST living cells. Consists of nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, and nuclear proteins.
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Name the cells that do not have a nucleus.
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RBCs and platelets
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What type of cells have an abundance of cytoplasm
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Highly differentiated cells
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What is a differentiated cell?
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A cell that is already mature.
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Give examples of undifferentiated cells found in the human body.
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Embryonic cells, stem cells
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What type of cancer cell is more aggressive, a differentiated cancer cell or undifferentiated cancer cell?
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An undifferentiated cancer cell is more aggressive
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Describe the function of mitochondria.
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Primary generator of energy; energy generated is essential for other cellular functions.
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Malignant tumor cells typically possess what characteristics?
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Are often undifferentiated and have FEW mitochondria
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Describe the structure and function of ribosomes.
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Granules composed of RNA. Involved in protein synthesis, may be free floating or attached.
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Define malignant.
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A term used to describe a severe and very rapidly growing disease.
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Describe the structure and function of lysosomes.
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Membrane-bound digestive organelles rich in lytic enzymes, found in Golgi Apparatus
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How are lysosomes activated?
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Lysosomes contain acid hydrolases which are activated in low pH.
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Describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane
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A living structure that is maintained by active expenditure of energy. The integrity of the membrane is essential to cellular functions.
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What happens to the cell if the cell sustains major damage to its plasma membrane?
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Cell death
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What part of the cell is believed to be the central factor in irreversible cell injury?
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The plasma membrane
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Define Integration of Function.
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Integration of cells, tissues, and organs into a functional unit
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The simplest form of integration of function occurs where?
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At the cellular level.
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Define Autocrine stimulation.
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“self-stimulation,” cells act to stimulate their own growth
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Define Paracrine stimulation.
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(adjacent cells) one cell selectively influences the activity of an adjacent cell
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Define Endocrine stimulation.
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via the bloodstream
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What are the three responses to injury?
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Reversible cell injury, irreversible cell injury, and causes of cell injury
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What are the vulnerable cell systems associated with reversible cell injury?
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Cell membrane (key area), ATP(mitochondria), protein synthesis (RER), and genetic integrity
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Reversible cell injury is characterized by what?
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Generally characterized by edema of cytoplasm (accumulates within the mitochondria)
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Mitochondrial swelling has what effect on the cell energy production
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The cell generates less energy (anaerobic glycolysis
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Define irreversible cell injury.
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Overwhelming insults to the cell, unrecoverable
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What are the characteristics of irreversibility?
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-Inability to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction (cannot produce enough energy)
-Development of disturbances in membrane function (release of cytoplasmic enzymes) -Disruption of nuclear function (microscopically visible as pyknosis, karyorrhexis, & karyolysis) |
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Which cytoplasmic enzymes are released due to membrane dysfunction?
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Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), or Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
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Define Pyknosis.
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Condensing of chromatin in the nucleus.
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Define Karyorrhexis.
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Shattering of the nuclear membrane
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Define Karyolysis.
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Disassociation of the nucleus
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What are some causes of cell injury?
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Oxygen deprivation
Chemical agents Infectious agents Immunologic reactions Genetic defects Nutritional imbalances (deficient/excess) Physical agents Aging |
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How does the cell response to injury depends on what?
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type of injury, duration, and severity
Characteristics of the cell |
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What makes some cells more prone to severe cell injury?
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Vulnerable intracellular systems
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Response to cell injury often involves what?
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Secondary effects to the cell, and loss of function before cell death
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What are some biochemical mechanisms of cell injury?
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ATP depletion, oxygen deprivation, loss of calcium homeostasis, defects in membrane permeability, and mitochondrial damage.
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Define Homeostasis.
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The state of dynamic equilibrium of the internal environment of the body
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Define Calcification.
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The process in which organic tissue becomes hardened by the deposition of calcium salts in the tissues
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What are some mechanisms of cell injury?
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Ischemia, Hypoxia, and Anoxia.
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Define Ischemia.
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Deficient blood flow
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Define Hypoxia.
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Reduced availability of oxygen.
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Define Anoxia.
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Complete lack of oxygen
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What is the most common mechanism of cell injury?
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Ischemia
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What injures cells faster, ischemia or hypoxia
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Ischemia
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What affect does anoxia have on the cell?
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Anoxia results in what?
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The plasma membrane is driven by what?
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ATP (“Sodium Pump”)
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Name the 5 kinds of Cellular Adaptations.
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Atrophy
Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Metaplasia Dysplasia |
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Define Atrophy.
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Decreases in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or entire body. Diminished function. NOT DEAD.
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Define Hypertrophy.
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An increase in the size of tissues, or organs due to enlargement of individual cells
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Where does pure hypertrophy occur?
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Occurs only in the heart and striated muscles (these cells cannot divide)
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Define Hyperplasia.
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An increase in size of tissues and organs due to an increase in the number of cells
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Pure Hyperplasia is a result of what?
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Hormone stimulation and response to chronic injury
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Define Metaplasia
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Reversible change in the type of cell.
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Persistent influences of metaplasia may cause what?
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Cancer
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Metaplasia is characterized by what?
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Loss of protective mechanisms, and the regular layering of cells
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Define Dysplasia.
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Reversible or irreversible change in the type of cells.
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What is Dysplasia characterized by?
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By a disorderly arrangement and layering of cells and nuclear atypia
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When is Dysplasia reversible?
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When the stimulus that is causing it stops.
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If not stopped, Dysplasia can lead to what?
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Neoplasia
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What are the two types of intracellular adaptations?
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Dystrophic Calcification and Metastatic Calcification
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Define Dystrophic Calcification
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Absence of calcium metabolism derangement.
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Will you find normal blood calcium levels with Dystrophic Calcification?
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Yes
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Define Metastatic Calcification.
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Presence of metabolic abnormality of calcium.
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Will you find normal blood calcium levels with Metastatic Calcification?
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No, you will find high blood calcium levels.
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Is Dystrophic Calcification an acute or chronic problem?
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Chronic, inflamed or injured tissue
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What is Dystrophic Calcification often associated with?
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Tissue Necrosis
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Define Metastatic Calcification
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Derangement of calcium metabolism
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What are the four major causes of Metastatic Calcification?
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Hyperparathyroidism
Destruction of bone Vitamin-D disorders Renal Failure |
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Necrosis is defined as what?
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Cell death
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Name some of the different forms of Necrosis.
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Coagulative
Liquefactive Fat Caseous Fibrinoid |
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What is the most common form of Necrosis?
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Coagulative Necrosis
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What is coagulative necrosis?
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Tissue appears as a solid mass; typically involves solid internal organs.
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Liquefactive necrosis is associated with what?
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In an abscess, or in the brain
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Where is Caseous Necrosis usually seen?
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In tuberculosis and some fungal infections
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Where is fat necrosis usually seen?
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In fat and in the pancreas
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In fat and in the pancreas
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An “active” form of cell death.) Orderly genetically programmed cell death
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Is there inflammation involved in apoptosis?
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No.
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Apoptosis is activated by what?
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Suicide genes
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