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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Question
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Answer
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What does the CNS include?
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brain and spinal cord
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What anatomical part of the body does parasympathetic control?
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craniosacral- below the belt
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What anatomical part of the body does sympathetic control?
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thoracolumbar- above the belt
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What is the inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
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GABA
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What is the inhibitory neurotransmitter is the spinal cord?
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Glycine
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GABA in the brain causes the influx of what?
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chloride
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Glycine in the spinal cord causes the influx of what?
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chloride
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What neurotransmitter do all sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers use?
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Ach
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What neurotransmitter does all parasympathetic post ganglionic fibers use?
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Ach
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What is the vomiting center?
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area postrema
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What antiemetic is used in adults?
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perchloraparazine
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What antiemetic is used in children?
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promethazine
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What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic system primarily use for postganglionic fibers?
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NE, but some use DA or serotonin
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DA
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Catecholamine/monoamine. Used by 1.vomiting centers, 2. Basal Ganglia (for movt), 3. Pyschosis, and 4. Mesolimbic system (high and euphoric from running ex.)5. Also blocks Prolactin
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Serotonin
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Monoamine (not catecholamine). Controls reticular activating system (RAS), Raphe nucleus, controls HALLUCINATIONS (caused by DA, but serotonin tells u whats real from non-real)
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Polypeptides
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CCK (NT), Substance P (mediates all pain pathways), and Neuropeptide Y
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Neuropeptide Y
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Most abundant polypeptide. Responds to stress; circadian rhythms; controls CVS system; INHIBITS release of Glutamate; increases appetitie
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Capscacin
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Found in red hot chilli peppers, blocks substance P (pain)-ie have high threshold for pain
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Opioids
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Beta endorphins, Enkephalins, Dinorphins. They are released when feel pain, are opioid like→ relieve pain
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Dinorphins
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Mediate pain relief. Positive reinforcement pathway (ex. Weight lifter-at gym feels good)
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Endocannabinoids
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Similar to THC in marijuana, RETROGRADE neurotransmitter (causes slow motion)
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Nitric oxide/Carbon monoxide
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Is made from L-arginine (essential from died- if don’t have-cant vasodilate→ get HTHN). BOTH use cGMP. NO >vasodilator (VEINS 1st-Arteries 2nd!). CO>used by olfactory system
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NE
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Catecholamine/monoamine. No methyl group. Main symp system NT, controls ANS (ANS dysfunction= think NE propblem)
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What is the difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine?
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epi is a hormone and norepi is a neurotransmitter- they have the same action
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What second messenger does the parasympathetic system use?
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cGMP
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What second messenger does the sympathetic system use?
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cAMP
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What second messenger does smooth muscle use when it contracts from a neurotransmitter or hormone?
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IP3/DAG
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What does smooth muscle use to contract by distention?
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calcium-calmodulin
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What makes Ach?
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choline and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme choline acetyl transferase
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What breaks down Ach and what are the products?
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ach esterase- acetate and choline
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What is Dopamine and NE made from? By what enzyme?
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tyrosine- by tyrosine hydroxylase
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What is the breakdown product of Epi and NE? What 2 enzymes do it?
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VMA and metanephrine- MAO and COMT
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What does 80% breakdown of DA, EP, NE, serotonin? Where?
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MAO, presynaptically
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What breaks down DA, E, NE and serotonin postsynaptically?
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COMT
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Parasympathetic receptors are what type?
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muscarinic
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What are the two exceptions and what type of receptor are they?
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ganglia and neurotransmitters jxns which are nicotinic
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Sympathetic receptors are what?
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muscarinic
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What s the sympathetic receptor exception? What type of receptor?
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sweat glands- muscarinic
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What is the ending of drugs that are COMT inhibitors?
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"Pone"- like Al Capone hates COMTon
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What is the function of alpha 1 receptors?
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vasoconstriction, sphincter tightening, and mydriasis (pupil dilation via radial muscle (dilator) w/o cyclopegia (freeze iris via radial muscles)
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Where does Alpha 1 agonist work
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Eye radial muscle (contraction-mydriasis), Arterioles (contraction→ increased PVR→Increased Afterload), Veins (contraction→ increased Venous return→ Increased Preload), Kidney (Decreases Renin release), Liver (Increases Glycogenolysis), Male sex organ (contraction of vas deferens), Bladder and Sphincter (contraction and therefore Urinary retention and constipation)
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Alpha 1 receptor response mechanism?
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→Gq→Increased DAG + IP3+→ Increased intracellular Calcium
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Epinephrine
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Alpha 1 agonist, DOC Vfib and Anaphylaxis, 2 hr t1/2, is found in AFRIN NASAL SPRAY (rebound every 2 hrs→ mucus plug relief then gets work) **Rhinitis Medicamentosa** (TX: STOP short t1/2 and start longterm one)
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Phenylephrine
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Alpha1 agonist (decongestant). Tx: NEUROGENIC SHOCK
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Ephedrine
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Alpha1 agonist (decongestant) Tx: OTC cold remedies
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Pseudoephedrine
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Alpha1 agonist (decongestant)-abused on street to make methamphetamine
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What is the function of alpha 2 receptors?
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inhibits sympathetic outflow (by decreasing NE release and synthesis), and inhibits insulin secretion from pancrease, causes Platelets to Aggregate, and on post-synaptic vascular smooth muscle (contraction)
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What is the mechanism of alpha 2receptor MOA?
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Gi→ decreases AC→ Decreases cAMP
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What are the 3 nonspecific alpha blockers (antagonists)?
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phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine, yohimbine
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What is used for DIAGNOSING pheochromocytoma?
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Phentolamine (short acting, will also Tx: cocaine HTN)
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Phenoxybenzamine
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Long acting, Irreversible non-specific alpha blocker. TX: for PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA, and carcinoid
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What is the ending of the names of drugs that are selective alpha 1 antagonists?
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"osine"
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What are the 4 "osine" drugs?
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prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin, tamsulosin
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What is prazosin used for?
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only HTN
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What 3 osins are the 1st line for BPH/HTN?
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terazosin, and doxazosin, and tamsulosin for fewer side effects and can be taken w/ sildefnafils (b/c only works on bladder/prostate)
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Prazosin TX and SE
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Alpha 1 blocker, Tx for HTN ONLY!, priapism, 1st dose syncope “pass out”-from massive vasodilation (ie take 1st dose at night)
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What is the common ending on drugs that inhibit COMT?
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"pone"
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What system does NE mediate?
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autonomic
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What is the most common cold medication?
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ephedrine
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What is used for urinary incontinence in the elderly?
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pseudoephedrine (sudofed)
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What is the D.O.C. for neurogenic shock?
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phenylphrine
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What kind of drug is phenylphrine?
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alpha 1 agonist
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What are the 3 short acting alpha 1 agonists?
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NE, E, and phenylephrine
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What receptors does ephedrine effect?
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increase B before alpha
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What is the D.O.C. for anaphylaxis and v. fib?
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pseudoephedrine
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What are the 3 specific alpha 2 agonists?
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methyldpoa, clonadine and guanabenz
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What is the D.O.C. for hypertension in pregnant women?
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Methyldopa (b/c methyl group will not cross BBB, or placenta)- a.e.- coumbs + hemolytic anemia
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What is a major side effect of clonadine?
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Withdrawl/rebound hypertension- ie must wean off slowly d/t Increased Stored NE
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What drugs tx Impotence?
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Yohimbine (alpha 2 blockers)
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Tolazoline
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Alpha2 blocker- Tx: premie RDS
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Does nictotine have an initial higher affinity for parasympathetic or sympathetic?
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Parasympathetic, then goes to sympathetic (so you need to smoke more and more)
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Where do beta 1 receptors act?
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Heart (SA, AV node, Atrial and Ventricular MUSCLATURE, His-Purkinje Cells), Kidney, and Pancrease (alpha cells)
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What are Beta 1 receptors mechanism of action?
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B1→Gs→increase AC→ Increase cAMP
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What are the 3 beta 1 agonists?
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isoproterenol, levoproterenol, metoproterenol
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What are the 5 beta 2 agonists?
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albuterol, tertbutaline, salmeterol, fumeterol and ritodrine
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What beta 2 agonists are used for inhaled asthma and to stop preterm labor?
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albuterol and tertbutaline
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What is used only to stop preterm labor?
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ritodrine
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What do beta 1 receptors do in the CNS?
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increased activity
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What do beta 1 receptors do to the SA node?
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increased heart rate
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What do beta 1 receptors do in cardiac muscle?
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increased contractility
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What do beta 1 receptors do at the JG apparatus?
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increased renin release
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What do beta 2 receptors do in the CNS?
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increased activity
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What do beta 2 receptors do in the heart?
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increased contractility but NOT rate
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What do beta 2 receptors do in the lungs?
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bronchodilation
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What does beta 2 receptors do in the arterioles?
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vasodilation
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If you want to depolarize all cells except right atrium cells, what ion do you want to move into the cells?
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Na
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If you want to depolarize right atrium cells, what ion do you want to move into the cells?
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Ca into the SA node
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If you want to inhibit the CNS, what ion do you want to move into the cells?
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Cl
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If you want to inhibit the PNS, what ion do you want to move out of the cells?
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K
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